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شعار بوابة  ????? ???????? ???????

????? ??????? ? ( ??????????? : Protectionism )?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???: ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? (?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????)? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????.

???? ????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? [1] [2] [3] [4] ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? . [2] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . [10] ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? [11] ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? . [12]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? 1924

?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????:

  • ??? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????. [13] ???????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????.   ??? ????????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. [13]
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. [14] [15] [16]
  • ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? [17] ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. [18]
  • ??????? ????????: ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???) ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? .
  • ??????? ?????? ???????: ≪ ????? ????? ≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????.
  • ???????? ????????: ????? ???????? ???????? (?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????) ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ≪?????≫ ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
  • ??? ???????? : ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ??? ????? : ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? . ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.
  • ????? ???????? ???????: ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????: ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ≪???????? ???????≫ ??? ????? ?? ≪??????≫ ???????? ≪. ???? ???? ?????? ??≫ ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. [19]
  • ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? (??? ???? ≪???? ????????≫ ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????).
  • ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????.

?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???.

????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????. [20]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? . [2] [5] [6] [7] [21] [22]

?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? . [23] [24] ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. [25]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??? 2016 ?? ≪ ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ≫? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? . ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????????. [26] ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. [27] ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????: ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ≪??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????≫. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? . [28]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? "???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. [29]

???? ?????? ????????? ? ≪??? ?????≫ ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? . ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ≪?????? ??????????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????)? ???? ??????? 1.7? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? 1.8? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? 2.6 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 3.8 ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? . [30] ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? . [31]

????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? "?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? . ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????: ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????. [32] "????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??≪?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.≫ [32]

????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ≪???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????≫. [33]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1999 ????? ??????? ?????? ??. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? . [34]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???? ??? ≪??? ???????? ????????? - ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? - ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????≫ ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. [35] ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ≪???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????≫. [36]

????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ≪????? ?????????≫? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? 1789 . ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. [37] [38] ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]

???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? 2010 ? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 16 ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? . [44]

??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. [45] ??? ????? ??????? ???????? . ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? [46] ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ≪?????? ????????≫ ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? . [47]

???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 2 ????? 2009 ≪?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????≫. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? [48] ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? G20 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

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