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??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3] ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????.

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??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 1998 ????? 2005 ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2005 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (SPD) ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? (CDU/ CSU) ?(SPD) ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? (CDU/CSU) ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? SPD ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? (??? ?? ???? CDU ? CSU ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????)? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????????? ?????? ?? ????? (??????? ??????? ??????) ?????? ?? 14 ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? (???? ??? ??????? ????????) ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? (????? ??????? ???????) ??? ??? 1915 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 1931 - 1940 . ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????.

????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? (??????????) ??????) ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Making Minority Government Work:Hung Parliaments and the Challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" (PDF) . 2 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-02-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-07 .
^ "Tories and Lib Dems enter full coalition government" . The New Statesman. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-08-07.
^ "Coalition Government: Precedents from around the world" . CBC News. 13 ???? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-05-14 .

????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ???????

[1] "Making Minority Government Work:Hung Parliaments and the Challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" (PDF) . 2 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-02-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-07 .

[2] "Tories and Lib Dems enter full coalition government" . The New Statesman. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-08-07.

[3] "Coalition Government: Precedents from around the world" . CBC News. 13 ???? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-05-14 .

[1]

[2]

[3]