???? ??????? ?? ?????

??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ≪??????≫ ??? ???? 1996 ?2006? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????.

?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 2006? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1996 ??? ??? 2006? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? 1996-2006 [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1996 ??? ??? 2006? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ≪????????≫. ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ^[1] ?? ??? 2006? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[2] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ^[1]

????? ??? ???? ????? (2013)? ??? ??? 13000 ??? (????? 500 ???) ????? ?? ??? 100000 ?200000 ?????? (????? 40000 ???) ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? 27323 ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1996 ??? ??? 2006. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[3]

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ^[4]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 1996-2006? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ^[2]

????? ????????? (2001)? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? (2005) ??? 70% ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 16000 ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ^[1]

????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? (2001) ?? 50% ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????.

???????? ????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1996 ??? ??? 2006? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ^[3]

????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 27323 ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? (2013).???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? (?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????)? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ^[4]^[5]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? 42-45% ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????) ????? ?????? (2013) ???? (2012)? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2014 ?? 25% ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????64.7 % ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (MPI). ???? ????? (2012) ?? 75% ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 2 ????? ??????. ^[6]

????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? 60% ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (HPI) ?? ?????? 31.12? ??? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????). ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? 21.4 % ?? ??? 2001 ??? ???.2011

????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[7]

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 1996 - 2006. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 24/1.

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? (2012) ?? 50% ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? 30????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[8]

??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 21% ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ^[9]

???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 2.2 ?????? ?????? ?0.6 ?????? ?????? ?1.5 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 100000 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? (2015). ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[10]

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ^[4]

???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? Stevenson? Philip C (2001). "The Torturous Road to Democracy?domestic Crisis in Nepal". The Lancet . ?. 358 ?. 9283: 752?56. DOI : 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05844-5 . PMID : 11551600 .
^ ^? ^? Upreti, Bishnu Raj. "Nepal From War to Peace." Peace Review 24, no. 1 (2012): 102-07. Accessed January 29, 2015. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=71173233-a9c7-4325-bccb-1d8078e03352@sessionmgr113&vid=16&hid=112 ^{[
???? ??????
]}.
^ ^? ^? Parker, Sara, Kay Standing, and Bijan Pant. "Caught in the Cross Fire: Children’s Right to Education During Conflict - The Case of Nepal 1996-2006." Children & Society 27, no. 5 (2013): 372-84. Accessed February 14, 2015. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=feb0f0d4-05d9-4492-9157-3ad4760b0ace@sessionmgr198&vid=26&hid=112 ^{[
???? ??????
]}.
^ ^? ^? ^? Singh? Sonal? Bøhler? Erik? Dahal? Khagendra? Mills? Edward (2006). "The State of Child Health and Human Rights in Nepal" . PLoS Medicine . ?. 3 ?. 6: 948?52. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030203 . PMC : 1483907 . PMID : 16792433 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
^ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2014. Nepal Human Development Report 2014. New York: UNDP.
^ Bhusal? Lok Nath (2012). "Poverty Estimates and the Welfare State: the case of Nepal". Contemporary South Asia . ?. 20 ?. 1: 45?59. DOI : 10.1080/09584935.2011.646079 .
^ Bhattarai? Lok P Sharma (2012). "Older people's exclusion from healthcare services in Nepal: an analysis of the political economy of development aid, domestic policy and research". Geriatrics Gerontology International . ?. 13 ?. 2: 243?249. DOI : 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00947.x . PMID : 22995021 .
^ Luitel? Nagendra? Jordans? Mark? Adhikari? Anup? Upadhaya? Nawaraj? Hanlon? Charlotte? Lund? Crick? Komproe? Ivan H (2015). "Mental health care in Nepal: current situation and challenges for development of a district mental health care plan" . Conflict and Health . ?. 9 ?. 1: 3. DOI : 10.1186/s13031-014-0030-5 . PMC : 4331482 . PMID : 25694792 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
^ US State Department. "Nepal 2013 Human Rights Report" . January 1, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2015. ???? ?????? 2017-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Simkhada? Padam (2015). "Need and importance of health protection training in Nepal" . Nepal Journal of Epidemiology . ?. 5 ?. 1: 441?443. DOI : 10.3126/nje.v5i1.12373 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-24 .

???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

[Stevenson_20012-1] ? ^? ^? Stevenson? Philip C (2001). "The Torturous Road to Democracy?domestic Crisis in Nepal". The Lancet . ?. 358 ?. 9283: 752?56. DOI : 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05844-5 . PMID : 11551600 .

[Upreti_2012-2] ? ^? Upreti, Bishnu Raj. "Nepal From War to Peace." Peace Review 24, no. 1 (2012): 102-07. Accessed January 29, 2015. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=71173233-a9c7-4325-bccb-1d8078e03352@sessionmgr113&vid=16&hid=112 ^{[
???? ??????
]}.

[Parker_2013-3] ? ^? Parker, Sara, Kay Standing, and Bijan Pant. "Caught in the Cross Fire: Children’s Right to Education During Conflict - The Case of Nepal 1996-2006." Children & Society 27, no. 5 (2013): 372-84. Accessed February 14, 2015. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=feb0f0d4-05d9-4492-9157-3ad4760b0ace@sessionmgr198&vid=26&hid=112 ^{[
???? ??????
]}.

[Singh_2006-4] ? ^? ^? Singh? Sonal? Bøhler? Erik? Dahal? Khagendra? Mills? Edward (2006). "The State of Child Health and Human Rights in Nepal" . PLoS Medicine . ?. 3 ?. 6: 948?52. DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030203 . PMC : 1483907 . PMID : 16792433 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )

[UNDP_2014-5] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2014. Nepal Human Development Report 2014. New York: UNDP.

[Bhusal_2012-6] Bhusal? Lok Nath (2012). "Poverty Estimates and the Welfare State: the case of Nepal". Contemporary South Asia . ?. 20 ?. 1: 45?59. DOI : 10.1080/09584935.2011.646079 .

[Bhattarai_2012-7] Bhattarai? Lok P Sharma (2012). "Older people's exclusion from healthcare services in Nepal: an analysis of the political economy of development aid, domestic policy and research". Geriatrics Gerontology International . ?. 13 ?. 2: 243?249. DOI : 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00947.x . PMID : 22995021 .

[Luitel_2015-8] Luitel? Nagendra? Jordans? Mark? Adhikari? Anup? Upadhaya? Nawaraj? Hanlon? Charlotte? Lund? Crick? Komproe? Ivan H (2015). "Mental health care in Nepal: current situation and challenges for development of a district mental health care plan" . Conflict and Health . ?. 9 ?. 1: 3. DOI : 10.1186/s13031-014-0030-5 . PMC : 4331482 . PMID : 25694792 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )

[US_State_Department-9] US State Department. "Nepal 2013 Human Rights Report" . January 1, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2015. ???? ?????? 2017-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[Simkhada_2015-10] Simkhada? Padam (2015). "Need and importance of health protection training in Nepal" . Nepal Journal of Epidemiology . ?. 5 ?. 1: 441?443. DOI : 10.3126/nje.v5i1.12373 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-24 .

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