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1820 ???
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????? ????????? ?? ?????????? (1811)

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????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1807 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (???????) ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? [2] ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????. [3] ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? 1814? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? 1812? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????. [4]

???? ???????? ??????? ??? 1809 ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? (??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????) ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ??? 2010? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ≪??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????≫. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????.

???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? 1898.???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???????? (????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????) ???????????? (????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????) ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? . ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 1807. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ≪??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????≫. ??? ???? ???????? ?. ???. ??????? ???? ?????? ≪???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????≫. [5] ??? ??? ≪??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????≫? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????. [6]

???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ≪?????≫ ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪????????≫ ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????)? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????????. [7]

???? ???????? ??????? (????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????) ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 1767 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. [8] ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ≪???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????≫. [9]

?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? 1804? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. [10]

??? ????????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????- ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. [11]

??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. [12]

???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????. [13]

?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????: ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. [14] ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????. [15] ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????. [15] ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [15] ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????. [16]

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????: ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? (?????? ??? 1768) ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. [17]

?????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????. [13]

??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 1823. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? (???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????). [18] ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????. [19]

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????  ?? 25 ?????? ??? 1808. ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? (???????) ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? -?? ????????? ??????- ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [20] ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 1808 ???? ????? ??? 1809? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? -??? ???????- ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? 1809? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? 29 ????? ??? 1810 -???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????- ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????????. [21] ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 5 ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??≪??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????≫? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. [22] ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? [23] ????? ????? ??????? ???????. [24] ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? 24 ?????? ??? 1810 ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. [25]

????????? ?? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (????????) ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? (?????????)? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? (?????????) ??????? ??????? ?????? (???????) ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. [26]

???? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? - ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? . ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????. [27]

?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????. [28]

????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. [29]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. [15]

????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. [30]

??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ??????? ?????? ?????)? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????? ???????? ????? ??????????)? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? 1850? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????. [31]

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ≪?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????≫. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????. [32] ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. [33]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Garret? David T (2003). "Los incas borbonicos: la elite indigena cuzquena en visperas de Tupac Amaru" . Revista Andina . ?. 36. ISSN : 0259-9600 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-11-13 . See also: [1] ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  2. ^ D.A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and Liberalism, 1492-1866 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993
  3. ^ Brian Hamnett, The End of Iberian Rule on the American Continent, 1770-1830 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2017.
  4. ^ Timothy Anna,"Review", American Historical Review vol. 123 (3) 2018, pp. 985-86.
  5. ^ ????? ????? , "Wars of Independence: South America" in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5, p. 446. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  6. ^ R.A. Humphreys and John Lynch, "Introduction", The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions, 1808-1826 . New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1965, p. 7.
  7. ^ Jeremy Adelman , "Independence in Latin America" in The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History , Jose C. Moya, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, p. 154.
  8. ^ Mark A. Burkholder and D.S. Chandler, From Impotence to Authority: The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencias, 1687-1808 . Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1977.
  9. ^ William B. Taylor, "Early Latin American Social History" in Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1985, p. 149.
  10. ^ Margaret Chowning, "The Consolidacion de Vales Reales in the Bishopric of Michoacan." Hispanic American Historical Review 69:3 (1989) 451-78.
  11. ^ Michael P. Costeloe, Church Wealth in Mexico: A Study of the "Juzgado de Capellanias" in the Archbishopric of Mexico, 1800?1856. Cambridge University Press 1967.
  12. ^ Lynch, The Spanish American Revolutions , 17?19, 334?335. Rodriguez, The Independence of Spanish America , 19?27. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 7?12.
  13. ^ ? ? Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 27?34. Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 14?18. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 14?17, 23.
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  15. ^ ? ? ? ? Lynch, John (2001), "Spanish America's Poor Whites: Canarian Immigrants in Venezuela, 1700?1830", Latin America between Colony and Nation , Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 58?73, ( ???? 978-1-349-41856-5 ), retrieved 13 January 2020
  16. ^ HAMNETT? BRIAN R. (???? 1997). "Process and Pattern: A Re-examination of the Ibero-American Independence Movements, 1808?1826" . Journal of Latin American Studies . ?. 29 ?. 2: 279?328. DOI : 10.1017/s0022216x97004719 . ISSN : 0022-216X . S2CID : 145479092 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-03.
  17. ^ Ossa Santa Cruz? Juan Luis (2010). "La criollizacion de un ejercito periferico, Chile, 1768?1810" . Historia . ?. 42 ?. II: 413?448. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-01-27 .
  18. ^ Robertson? William Spence (1916). "The Juntas of 1808 and the Spanish Colonies" . The English Historical Review . ?. 31 ?. 124: 573?585. DOI : 10.1093/ehr/XXXI.CXXIV.573 . JSTOR : 551442 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-01.
  19. ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 36?37. Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 51?56, 58?59. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 12, 35?37.
  20. ^ Royal Order of the Central Junta of 22 January 1809, cited in Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 60.
  21. ^ "Batalla de Ocana" . Bicentenario de las independencias iberoamericanas . Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-17 .
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  23. ^ Ezquerra? Jaime Alvar (2001). Diccionario de historia de Espana . Ediciones Akal . ?. 209?. ISBN : 978-84-7090-366-3 .
  24. ^ El "Manifiesto de los persas"una alternativa ante el liberalismo espanol.Alexandra Wilhelmsen.1979 ???? ?????? 2021-04-17 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  25. ^ Rodriguez O.? Jaime E. (13 ???? 1998). The Independence of Spanish America . Cambridge University Press. ?. 82?. ISBN : 978-0-521-62673-6 . citation: "It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish world"
  26. ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 43?45, 52?56, 132?133, 195?196, 239?240. Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 75?82, 110?112, 123?125, 136?139, 150?153. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 36?37, 46, 52?53, 58?59, 61?62.
  27. ^ Bernedo Pinto, Patricio (1999), "Los industriales alemanes de Valdivia, 1850?1914" (PDF) , Historia (??????????), vol. 32, pp. 5?42, Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-06-02
  28. ^ Avila, Alfredo; Tutino, John, "Becoming Mexico<subtitle>The Conflictive Search for a North American Nation</subtitle>", New Countries<subtitle>Capitalism, Revolutions, and Nations in the Americas, 1750?1870</subtitle> , Duke University Press, ( ???? 978-0-8223-6114-5 ), retrieved 2020-01-13
  29. ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 343?344. Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 244?245. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 133?136.
  30. ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 347?351. Rodriguez, Independence of Spanish America , 245. Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America , 142?143.
  31. ^ Lynch, Spanish American Revolutions , 347?349.
  32. ^ The Argentine President promotes Juana Azurduy to General in the Argentine Army. http://www.szmm.gov.hu/download.php?ctag=download&docID=14380 [ ???? ?????? ]
  33. ^ " O’Connor, Mothers Making Latin America", 26?27.
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