???? ??????

???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? . ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ^[1]

????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? . ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[2]

?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? . ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? .

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? . ^[3] ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ^[4] ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ≪??????? ??? ??????? 4D≫. ^[5]

?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ^[6] ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? . ^[6]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[7] ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? . ^[8] ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 18 ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? . ^[4]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? (????? ?????? ???????) ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? .

?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ^[9] ?? ??????? 11? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? 12? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ^[10]

???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ^[11] ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ^[12] ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ^[13] ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????. ^[14]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? . ^[10] ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????. ^[15] ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? 16 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? . ^[16]

????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ^[17] ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? . ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. ^[15] ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 14 ???????. ^[18]

????? ??????? 21 ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ^[17] ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? 24? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? 28. ^[19] ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ^[20]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ≪????≫. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? . ^[15]

??????? ?? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 14 ?18 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 9 ?????? ??? ?????? 2 ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? 7 ????? ??? 4 ?????? ^[21] ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ^[22]

?????? ???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ^[23] ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[24]

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? (??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? )? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ^[24] ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ^[23] ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[24] 70% ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[24]

?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? . ^[25] ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 10 ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ^[25] ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ^[25]

?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? 28 ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? . ^[26]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Vaughan 1996, p. 208.
^ De Vries, Johanna et al. "Fetal Motility in the First Half of Pregnancy" , in Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life, pages 4 and 63 (1984 Cambridge University Press, edited by Heinz F. R. Prechtl). ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ White, Lois. Foundations Of Maternal & Pediatric Nursing , pages 10 and 128 (2004): "By the end of the 12th week, skeletal muscles begin involuntary movements....The newborn may cry and have muscular activity when cold, but there is no voluntary control of muscular activity." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-15 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ^? ^? Becher, Julie-Claire. "Insights into Early Fetal Development" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-06-01. (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004): "Purposive movement depends on brain maturation. This begins at about 18 weeks' gestation and progressively replaces reflex movements, which disappear by about 8 months after birth....Reflexes are very different from purposeful voluntary movements which develop during the first year of life."
^ Prenatal Image Gallery Index , The Endowment for Human Development (providing numerous 4D ultrasounds that can be viewed online). ???? ?????? 2019-07-15 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? Vaughan, p. 207.
^ The development of cerebral connections during the first 20?45 weeks’ gestation . Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 415-422 ???? ?????? 2019-12-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Stanley, Fiona et al. "Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways" , page 48 (2000 Cambridge University Press). ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Vaughan 1996, pp. 208-209.
^ ^? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 74.
^ Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development , Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "The first movements to occur are sideward bendings of the head....At 9-10 weeks postmestrual age complex and generalized movements occur. These are the so-called general movements (Prechtl et al., 1979) and the startles. Both include the whole body, but the general movements are slower and have a complex sequence of involved body parts, while the startle is a quick, phasic movement of all limbs and trunk and neck." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Valman HB? Pearson JF (????? 1980). "What the fetus feels" . Br Med J . ?. 280 ?. 6209: 233?4. DOI : 10.1136/bmj.280.6209.233 . PMC : 1600041 . PMID : 7427089 . Nine weeks after conception...fingers [bend] round an object in the palm of his hand. In response to a touch on the sole of his foot...hips and knees [bend] to move away from the touching object.
^ Butterworth, George and Harris, Margaret. Principles of developmental psychology , page 48 (Psychology Press 1994): "stretch and yawn pattern at 10 weeks." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development , Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "At 9-10 weeks postmenstrual age complex and generalized movements occur... [I]solated movements of one arm or leg emerge 1 week later." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 209.
^ Vaughan 1996, pp. 106-107.
^ ^? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 134.
^ Van Der Ziel, Cornelia & Tourville, Jacqueline. Big, Beautiful & Pregnant: Expert Advice And Comforting Wisdom for the Expecting Plus-size Woman (Marlowe 2006). Retrieved 2007-02-15. ???? ?????? 2012-11-12 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Vaughan 1996, p. 160, p. 189.
^ Vaughan 1996, p. 190.
^ Kintraia et al. 2005.
^ Vaughan 1996, p. 138.
^ ^? ^? American Pregnancy Association, 2007.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? RCOG release: Reduced fetal movements ? New Green-top Guideline from ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . Date published: 25/02/2011 ???? ?????? 2014-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? Mangesi? L? Hofmeyr? GJ? Smith? V? Smyth? RM (15 ?????? 2015). "Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . ?. 10 ?. 10: CD004909. DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD004909.pub3 . hdl : 10019.1/104296 . PMID : 26467769 .
^ "Reduced Fetal Movements" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-06-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-25 .

????? [ ??? ]

"Kick Counts" . American Pregnancy Association. ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-04-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-08-01 .
Kintraia PI? Zarnadze MG? Kintraia NP? Kashakashvili IG (???? 2005). "Development of daily rhythmicity in heart rate and locomotor activity in the human fetus" . J Circadian Rhythms . ?. 3 ?. 1: 5. DOI : 10.1186/1740-3391-3-5 . PMC : 1079927 . PMID : 15801976 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
Vaughan? Christopher (1996). How Life Begins: The Science of Life in the Womb . New York: Times Books ( ?????? ???? ). ISBN : 978-0-8129-2103-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07.

???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Vaughan 1996, p. 208.

[2] De Vries, Johanna et al. "Fetal Motility in the First Half of Pregnancy" , in Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life, pages 4 and 63 (1984 Cambridge University Press, edited by Heinz F. R. Prechtl). ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] White, Lois. Foundations Of Maternal & Pediatric Nursing , pages 10 and 128 (2004): "By the end of the 12th week, skeletal muscles begin involuntary movements....The newborn may cry and have muscular activity when cold, but there is no voluntary control of muscular activity." "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-15 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[Becher-4] ? ^? Becher, Julie-Claire. "Insights into Early Fetal Development" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-06-01. (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004): "Purposive movement depends on brain maturation. This begins at about 18 weeks' gestation and progressively replaces reflex movements, which disappear by about 8 months after birth....Reflexes are very different from purposeful voluntary movements which develop during the first year of life."

[5] Prenatal Image Gallery Index , The Endowment for Human Development (providing numerous 4D ultrasounds that can be viewed online). ???? ?????? 2019-07-15 ?? Wayback Machine

[vaughan2072-6] ? ^? Vaughan, p. 207.

[7] The development of cerebral connections during the first 20?45 weeks’ gestation . Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 415-422 ???? ?????? 2019-12-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] Stanley, Fiona et al. "Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways" , page 48 (2000 Cambridge University Press). ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] Vaughan 1996, pp. 208-209.

[vaughan74-10] ? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 74.

[Precht2-11] Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development , Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "The first movements to occur are sideward bendings of the head....At 9-10 weeks postmestrual age complex and generalized movements occur. These are the so-called general movements (Prechtl et al., 1979) and the startles. Both include the whole body, but the general movements are slower and have a complex sequence of involved body parts, while the startle is a quick, phasic movement of all limbs and trunk and neck." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] Valman HB? Pearson JF (????? 1980). "What the fetus feels" . Br Med J . ?. 280 ?. 6209: 233?4. DOI : 10.1136/bmj.280.6209.233 . PMC : 1600041 . PMID : 7427089 . Nine weeks after conception...fingers [bend] round an object in the palm of his hand. In response to a touch on the sole of his foot...hips and knees [bend] to move away from the touching object.

[13] Butterworth, George and Harris, Margaret. Principles of developmental psychology , page 48 (Psychology Press 1994): "stretch and yawn pattern at 10 weeks." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[Prechtl-14] Prechtl, Heinz. "Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior" in Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development , Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415-418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "At 9-10 weeks postmenstrual age complex and generalized movements occur... [I]solated movements of one arm or leg emerge 1 week later." ???? ?????? 2020-02-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[vaughan209-15] ? ^? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 209.

[16] Vaughan 1996, pp. 106-107.

[vaughan134-17] ? ^? Vaughan 1996, p. 134.

[:0-18] Van Der Ziel, Cornelia & Tourville, Jacqueline. Big, Beautiful & Pregnant: Expert Advice And Comforting Wisdom for the Expecting Plus-size Woman (Marlowe 2006). Retrieved 2007-02-15. ???? ?????? 2012-11-12 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[19] Vaughan 1996, p. 160, p. 189.

[20] Vaughan 1996, p. 190.

[21] Kintraia et al. 2005.

[22] Vaughan 1996, p. 138.

[apa-23] ? ^? American Pregnancy Association, 2007.

[rcog2011-24] ? ^? ^? ^? RCOG release: Reduced fetal movements ? New Green-top Guideline from ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? . Date published: 25/02/2011 ???? ?????? 2014-02-23 ?? Wayback Machine

[ReferenceA-25] ? ^? ^? Mangesi? L? Hofmeyr? GJ? Smith? V? Smyth? RM (15 ?????? 2015). "Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . ?. 10 ?. 10: CD004909. DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD004909.pub3 . hdl : 10019.1/104296 . PMID : 26467769 .

[26] "Reduced Fetal Movements" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-06-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-04-25 .

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