??? ??????? ?????????

??? ??????? ?????????
??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????
	????? ????? 1712
??????? ????
???????	1701 - 1714 ?
????? ??	?????? ??????
??????	?????? . ?????? ????????
???????	?????? ??????
??????????
????? ????? ; ????? ??????? ; ??????? ; ??????	???????????? ????????? ??????? ; ??????? ??????? ; ; ????? ???????? ; ??????
?????
373,000	232,000
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ??????? ????????? (1701-1714) ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1700? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. ^[1] ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? 1700 ?1721? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? .

???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1700? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? . ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? 1698 ?1700 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? . ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? (???? ??????) ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? 16 ?????? ??? 1700. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????.

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1706. ????? ??? 1710? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1711? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1713? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? 1714.

?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? . ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? .

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 1665? ????? ??? ???? 4 ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1670? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1688. ^[2]

?? ??? 1700? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? . ^[3] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? 1700 ?1721 ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????-??????? ????????????? ??????? . ^[4]

???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? 1688 ?1697? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 25 ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1648? ??? ???? ?? 100 ??? ???? ????? ??? 1697? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ^[5] ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????. ^[6] ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? 1695 ?1697 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? 15-25% ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ^[7] ????? ??? ???????? ??? 1697 ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1697 ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. ^[8]

??????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ≪????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????≫. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ^[9]

?? ????? ??? 1701? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. ^[10]

??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 1648? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? 1701? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ^[11]

?? 7 ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1689. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? 16 ?????? 1701? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 1702? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? 15 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? 30 ??????. ^[12]

??????? ???????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ^[13]

???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? 1690 ??? 1704? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? 400%? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 1651-1663 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?? 6 ?????? 1700? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ^[14]

????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? 100,000 ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 1701-1714 ??? 35,000 ??? 50,000. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ^[15]

??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???????? (??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1707) [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1688. ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[16]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[17]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (1638-1683) ???????? ?????? (1651-1673) ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????. ^[18]

?????? ????? ??????? (1669-1692) ? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1685? ?????? ????? ?? 28 ?????? ??? 1692 ?? ???? ???????? . ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1698? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????. ^[19] ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? 14 ?????? ??? 1698? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? 1699 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 1699 ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[20]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? (???? ??? ???????? ) ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????. ^[21]

??????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? 1714 ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[22] ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? (1701- 1714)? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ( ????? ) ??????????? ???? ?????? ( ???????????? ????????? ??????? ) ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Falkner 2015 ? ???? 7.
^ Hochedlinger 2003 ? ???? 171.
^ Storrs 2006 ? ????? 6?7.
^ Frey & Frey 1995 ? ????? 191?192.
^ Childs 1991 ? ???? 1.
^ White 2011 ? ????? 542?543.
^ de Vries 2009 ? ????? 151?194.
^ Meerts 2014 ? ???? 168.
^ Falkner 2015 ? ???? 96.
^ Thompson 1973 ? ????? 158?160.
^ Somerset 2012 ? ???? 167.
^ Wolf 1968 ? ???? 514.
^ Rothbard 2010 .
^ Childs 1991 ? ???? 2.
^ Falkner 2015 ? ???? 37.
^ Burke .
^ Shinsuke 2013 ? ????? 37?40.
^ Frey & Frey 1995 ? ???? 389.
^ McKay & Scott 1983 ? ????? 54?55.
^ Ward & Leathes 1912 ? ???? 385.
^ Sharq awsat ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Star times ???? ?????? 7 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ??????? ?????????

[FOOTNOTEFalkner20157-1] Falkner 2015 ? ???? 7.

[FOOTNOTEHochedlinger2003171-2] Hochedlinger 2003 ? ???? 171.

[FOOTNOTEStorrs20066–7-3] Storrs 2006 ? ????? 6?7.

[FOOTNOTEFreyFrey1995191–192-4] Frey & Frey 1995 ? ????? 191?192.

[FOOTNOTEChilds19911-5] Childs 1991 ? ???? 1.

[FOOTNOTEWhite2011542–543-6] White 2011 ? ????? 542?543.

[FOOTNOTEde_Vries2009151–194-7] Vries 2009 ? ????? 151?194.

[FOOTNOTEMeerts2014168-8] Meerts 2014 ? ???? 168.

[FOOTNOTEFalkner201596-9] Falkner 2015 ? ???? 96.

[FOOTNOTEThompson1973158–160-10] Thompson 1973 ? ????? 158?160.

[FOOTNOTESomerset2012167-11] Somerset 2012 ? ???? 167.

[FOOTNOTEWolf1968514-12] Wolf 1968 ? ???? 514.

[FOOTNOTERothbard2010-13] Rothbard 2010 .

[FOOTNOTEChilds19912-14] Childs 1991 ? ???? 2.

[FOOTNOTEFalkner201537-15] Falkner 2015 ? ???? 37.

[FOOTNOTEBurke-16] Burke .

[FOOTNOTEShinsuke201337–40-17] Shinsuke 2013 ? ????? 37?40.

[FOOTNOTEFreyFrey1995389-18] Frey & Frey 1995 ? ???? 389.

[FOOTNOTEMcKayScott198354–55-19] McKay & Scott 1983 ? ????? 54?55.

[FOOTNOTEWardLeathes1912385-20] Ward & Leathes 1912 ? ???? 385.

[21] Sharq awsat ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[22] Star times ???? ?????? 7 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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???? ??????