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??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3] ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? .

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?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? . ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ?? ?????? ???????????.

ذرات Si و O؛ كل ذرة لها نفس عدد الروابط، ولكن الترتيب العام للذرات يختلف.

????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? (????) ????? ?????? ????? (????) ?????? ??????? ??????.

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?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Zacny, Kris (4 Aug 2009). Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets (???????????). ????? (????) . ISBN : 9783527626632 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-17.
^ Nahum, Alan M.; Melvin, John W. (9 Mar 2013). Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention (???????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN : 9781475722642 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-17.
^ Group, Diagram (1 Jan 2009). The Facts on File Chemistry Handbook (???????????). Infobase Publishing . ISBN : 9781438109558 . Archived from the original on 2020-03-15.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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[1] Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Zacny, Kris (4 Aug 2009). Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets (???????????). ????? (????) . ISBN : 9783527626632 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-17.

[2] Nahum, Alan M.; Melvin, John W. (9 Mar 2013). Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention (???????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN : 9781475722642 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-17.

[3] Group, Diagram (1 Jan 2009). The Facts on File Chemistry Handbook (???????????). Infobase Publishing . ISBN : 9781438109558 . Archived from the original on 2020-03-15.

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