???? ???

???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? 3 ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???:

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ^[1]^[2]

????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 500 ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ≪??????? ??????? ?????????≫ ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????: ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

??? ????? (EX? ?? EXtinct): ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ?? ?????? (EW? ?? Extinct in the Wild): ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.
??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (CR? ?? CRitically endangered): ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????.
??? ???? ????????? (EN? ?? ENdangered): ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????.
??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (VU? ?? VUlnerable): ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????.
??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (NT? ?? Near Threatened): ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????.
??? ????? ??? ???? ???? (CD? ?? Conservation Dependent): ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????.
??? ??? ???? ????????? (LC? ?? Least Concern): ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.
??? ???? ???????? (DD? ?? Data Deficient): ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????.
??? ?? ????? (NE? ?? Not Evaluated): ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? (????? ????? ???????? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????.

????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????: ??? ????? ???????? (?? ???) ???? ?????? ???????? (?? ???) ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? (??1) ???? ???? ????????? (??2) ???? ???? ???????? (??3) ???? ??? ?????? (?? 4) ???? ??? (??5) . ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? (??? ???? ?????? ??2?)? ????? ?????? (??? ???? ?????? ??2 ??3) ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? (??)? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? .

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? 1999 (????? ?? ??? ?? ??) ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? 1994 (?????? 2.3). ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? 1992. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????.

???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 150 ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? . ^[3]

????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? (??????) ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????. ^[4] ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? (????).

???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ^[5]

???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ≪????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????≫.

????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1972 ??????? ?? 2003 ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 2002.

???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? . ^[6]

???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 1998. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? 2008: ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???. ^[7]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? 2001? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? 8 ????? ?? ?????????? ?21 ????? ?? ??????? ?128 ????? ?? ?????? ?74 ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? 231 ?????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? 1994.

???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? 2004? ^[8] ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????.

??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? 15 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? (????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ≪0≫ - ????? ??? ≪6≫ - ???? ??????) ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Categories and Criteria The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 ???? ?????? 2016-01-28 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ( ???? 9782831714356 ).
^ "Research Institute for Nature and Forest" . Inbo.be . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-12-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .
^ "Cosewic" . Government of Canada, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 . .
^ "Protecting species" . Ymparisto.fi . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .
^ "Threatened Species" . Biodic.go.jp . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .
^ Townsend, Andrew J.; de Lange, Peter J.; Duffy, Clinton A.J.; Miskelly, Colin M.; Molloy, Janice; Norton, David A. (Jan 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification System manual (PDF) (???????????). Wellington, New Zealand: Science & Technical Publishing Department of Conservation. ISBN : 9780478143645 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-04 . Retrieved 2018-02-02 .
^ "Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government" (PDF) . Info.gov.za . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2007-06-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-11-12 .

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ???

[1] Categories and Criteria The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 18 September 2015. ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] IUCN. (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 ???? ?????? 2016-01-28 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ( ???? 9782831714356 ).

[3] "Research Institute for Nature and Forest" . Inbo.be . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-12-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

[4] "Cosewic" . Government of Canada, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 . .

[5] "Protecting species" . Ymparisto.fi . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

[6] "Threatened Species" . Biodic.go.jp . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-07-22 .

[NZTCS08-7] Townsend, Andrew J.; de Lange, Peter J.; Duffy, Clinton A.J.; Miskelly, Colin M.; Molloy, Janice; Norton, David A. (Jan 2008). New Zealand Threat Classification System manual (PDF) (???????????). Wellington, New Zealand: Science & Technical Publishing Department of Conservation. ISBN : 9780478143645 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-04 . Retrieved 2018-02-02 .

[8] "Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government" (PDF) . Info.gov.za . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2007-06-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-11-12 .

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