????????

??? ???? ??	???? ?????? ? ??? ???????
??????	geomatician (en)
????	study of geomatics (en)

?????????? ( ??????????? : Geomatics )?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????..

????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? -?????????- ???? ????? ??????? ???????GPS .

??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? GPS ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? Laser Scanner ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? (??????? ??????) ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??:

1. ???? geo ????? ????? ??????????.
2. ???? Matique ??????? ??????????.

?????? ??? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????:

??? ????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? (DUEKER 1979): ≪???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????≫. ^[2]^[3]^[4]

?????? ???? (MULLER 1991): ≪???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????≫.

????? ????? ??????? ???????: ???? GPS [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 24 ??? ??????? ???? ?? 12 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (12) ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? (??????)? (????????) ??? ???????.

????????? ?? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (??????) ???????????.

???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.