????? ?????
(
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:
Julia Grant
)? ???? ?? (
26 ?????
1826?
- ?????? ??
14 ??????
1902?
)? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???
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?
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1869
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1877
.
[1]
[2]
[3]
????? ???????? ?? ??? 1975 ??????
???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
.
?????? ????????
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???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 26 ????? 1826 ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????
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. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? (1787-1873) ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? 30 ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
[4]
???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ≪???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????≫.
[5]
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 1831-1836? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
???? ????
. ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????.
[6]
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? (?? ???? ???? ??????) ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????.
???????
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???? ????? ???? ??????? (??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????) ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???.
[7]
????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????: ≪?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????≫. ????? ??????? ??????: ≪????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????≫.
[8]
?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.
??????? ??????? ?? ?????
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??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????: ≪????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????≫. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1844. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??
????? ?????????
. ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.
??? ??? ????? ?? ????? 1848 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (22 ????? 1848) ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
[8]
?????? ?????? ???????
[
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??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1850 ???????? ??????? ????? ??? 1852? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1854 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ≪??????????≫ ?? ???? ????.
????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? 20 ???? 1859? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????.
???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 1860? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? 600 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????.
????? ???????
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?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? 10000 ??? ???? ???? ?????- ????? 4000 ???? ???? ????? ????? ???- ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1864? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???.
[9]
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????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????.
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