한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? [1] ??????????? ??????????? . ????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? [2] ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? 1975? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1991? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? 1995. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2019? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1948? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? 50 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ≪???? ?? ??? ??????≫. ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????. [3]

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????-???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? 20 ???????? ?? ??? 1965? ???? ??????-1? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? 90% ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????-2 ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? 606 ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? 2% ??????? ?5.4 ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????-2 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1969? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1967. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? . [4]

????? ??????? ??????????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (???? ?????? ?????????? UF6) ????? ??? ???????? -238 ? ????????-235 ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? : ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????????-238 (????) ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????-235 (????). ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? (?? ???????? ??? ???????????-235 ).

???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1969? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???. [5]

???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 1971? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. [6]

???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????-235 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. [7]

????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1982? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 6 ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (??? ??? ??????). ?? ??????? ????/?????. [8]

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1976 ?1977. ??? ??? ???????? ???? 385 ?????? ?????? ???? 216 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1977? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1977? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? Y ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????.

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ≪???????? ??????≫ (?????? ??? ????????-235) ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 1977. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????.

??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??-71 ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? 28 ????? ????: ≪???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? 99% ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???≫. [9]

?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? 22 ????? ?? ≪????? ?????≫ ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1988 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1988 ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? . [10]

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? Canberra T.4
??????? RSA-3 ??? ????? ?? ????? "???" ?? ????? ????? LEO rocket

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? (??????????) ?? ?? ???-3 ??? ?? ???-4? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? 340 ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? 200 ???? ?? ≪?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??????≫. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. [11]

??????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: Israel?South Africa Agreement

???? ≪???? ???????≫ ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. [12] [13] [14] ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? 418 ?? 4 ?????? 1977 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ≪?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????≫. [15]

???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? 30 ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? 50 ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? RSA-3 ? RSA-4 , ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ≪?????≫ ? ≪?????≫. [16]

???? ?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. [17]

?? ?????? 1979 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? Boeing WC-135 ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1977 ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????. [18]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb: South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Programme . Pretoria: Litera.
  2. ^ John Pike. "Nuclear Weapons Program ? South Africa" . Globalsecurity.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ???? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2011 .
  3. ^ Executive release. "South African nuclear bomb" . Nuclear Threat Initiatives . Nuclear Threat Initiatives, South Africa (NTI South Africa). ????? ?? ????? ?? 28 ?????? 2012 . ???? ???? ?????? 13 ???? 2012 .
  4. ^ Chaudhry, PhD (Political science)? M.A. "Separating Myth from Reality§ The Uranium Enrichment programme: Building Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL)" . M.A. Chaudhry's article published at The Nation, 1999 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 8 ????? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 ???? 2012 .
  5. ^ "Carl Rowan: South Africa emulates Nazi Germany (1977)" . The Sedalia Democrat . 26 ?????? 1977. ?. 19. ????? ?? ????? ?? 31 ????? 2017 . ???? ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 .
  6. ^ "Scenarios Always See Confrontation (Israel, South Africa, nuclear weapons) (1977)" . Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph . 24 ?????? 1977. ?. 137. ????? ?? ????? ?? 31 ????? 2017 . ???? ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 .
  7. ^ "South Africa: Nuclear Case Closed?" (PDF) . National Security Archive . 19 ?????? 1993. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 29 ????? 2008 . ???? ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2008 .
  8. ^ Lewis? Jeffrey (3 ?????? 2015). "Revisiting South Africa's Bomb" . Arms Control Wonk. Leading Voices on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation . ????? ?? ????? ?? 6 ?????? 2015 . ???? ???? ?????? 6 ?????? 2015 .
  9. ^ Albright? David (????? 1994). "South Africa and the Affordable Bomb" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Jul 1994 ?. 4: 41. Bibcode : 1994BuAtS..50d..37A . DOI : 10.1080/00963402.1994.11456538 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-16.
  10. ^ Frank V. Pabian. "South Africa's Nuclear Weapon Program: Lessons For U.S. Non Proliferation Policy" (PDF) . James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. ?. 8. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 7 ????? 2010 . ???? ???? ?????? 8 ?????? 2008 .
  11. ^ Engelbrecht? Leon. "Book Review: How SA built six atom bombs - defenceWeb" . www.defenceweb.co.za . ????? ?? ????? ?? 26 ????? 2014 . ???? ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2018 .
  12. ^ Chris McGreal (7 ?????? 2006). "Brothers in arms ? Israel's secret pact with Pretoria" . The Guardian . London. ????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 2008.
  13. ^ Albright D (????? 1994). "South Africa and the Affordable Bomb" . ???? ????? ????? . ?. 50 ?. 4: 37?47. Bibcode : 1994BuAtS..50d..37A . DOI : 10.1080/00963402.1994.11456538 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-03-26.
  14. ^ "RSA Nuclear Weapons Program" . ????? ??????? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 7 ?????? 2006.
  15. ^ "UNSCR 418 of 4 November 1977: States should refrain from "any co-operation with South Africa in the manufacture and development of nuclear weapons" " . United Nations. ????? ?? ????? ?? 17 ????? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2011 .
  16. ^ "South Africa: Missile" . ?????? ??????? ?????? . ?????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 13 ???? 2013.
  17. ^ "P.W. Botha felt Israel had betrayed him" . ????????? ???? . 2 ?????? 2006. ????? ?? ????? ?? 6 ????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 2 ?????? 2006 .
  18. ^ "Aziz Pahad's statement and retraction discussed here" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 24 ?????? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2011 .

???? ???? [ ??? ]

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