한국   대만   중국   일본 
??????? ??? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

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هذه مقالةٌ جيّدةٌ، وتعد من أجود محتويات ويكيبيديا. انقر هنا للمزيد من المعلومات.
???????? : 27°00′N 30°00′E  /  27.000°N 30.000°E  / 27.000; 30.000
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

27°00′N 30°00′E  /  27.000°N 30.000°E  / 27.000; 30.000

?????????? ????
???? ??? ?????????
  ?????? ?? ???
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????????? ???????
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??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 22° ? 36' 31° ??????? ???? ??? ??? 24° ? 37° ???? ?? ?????? . [1] ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? 995 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 1941 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ( ??????? ????? ??? ) ???? 265 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 1115 ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? 1280 ??. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? 1.002.000 ??????? ???? [2] ???????? ???????? ???? 78990?? 2 ????? 7.8% ?? ??????? ??????. [3]

????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [4]

????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? 10 ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? 68 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? 85% ?????? ??? ??????? 9.5% ??? ????? 5.5%? [5] [6] ?????? ??? ??? 27 ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? [7] ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 4% ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 33000 ?? 2 ? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? 40 ??? ??????? ???? . ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. [8]

???????? [ ??? ]


??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? 22° ?36' 31° ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? 24° ?37° ???? ?? ?????? . [9]

?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [4] ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 10 ???? ???. [10]

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????

?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????: ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? (1223 ???)? ????? ??????? ???????? (1472 ???)? ????? ??? ????? (371 ???) ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 300 - 1000 ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? 1500 ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? (2181 ???) ???? ????? (1978 ???). [11] [12]

???? ???? ???? ????????

???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 2.629 ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? 8563 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? 7363 ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. [13]

? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? - ??? - ??????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? 1500 ??????? ????? [14] ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 25 ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. [15] [16]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????
??? ?? ????? ?????

?????? ?? ??? 3 ????? ??????? ???: ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? (225 ??? ?? 2 )????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. [17] ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? (680 ??? ?? 2 ) ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? (61 ??? ?? 2 ).

???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?????

??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? 11 ????? ?????? ????: ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????. [18] [19]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? 1048 ????? ?????? ??? ?????? [20] ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? 144 ????? ?????? ??: ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? [21] ???? ????? ?????? ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? 4 ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? 21300 ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? . [22]

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ???

????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? [23] ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. [24]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2013.

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? 14 ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. [25]

??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 80% ???? ??????? ?40% ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 60% ?70% ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? . ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 60% ?70% ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? 20% ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. [26] [27]

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????. [25]

???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? 2007

?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????.

???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. [27] [28]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????

??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? 47.9 ?? ??? ?????? 53.2 ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 2 ??? 5 ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 410 ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 50 ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????. [29]

????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? 180 ?? ????? ??? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 120 - 150 ??. ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? 80 ?? ?? ??????? .

?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1 ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. [30]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 5° ????? ???? ??? 10° ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 12° ?????? ????? ????? ??? 15° ????? ?? ??????? ?18° ????? ?? ??????. [31]

??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 28° ????? ?29° ????? ?? ??????? ??? 40° ????? ??? 42° ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? 25° ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???. [32] ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 23° ????? ?? ?????? ?34° ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 9° ????? ?10° ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 11° ????? ?12° ????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 27° ????? ?? ?????? ?35° ?? ??????. [33]

???????? ???????? ?????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? °? (°?) 31
(88) 		34.2
(93.6) 		37.9
(100.2) 		43.2
(109.8) 		47.8
(118.0) 		46.4
(115.5) 		42.6
(108.7) 		43.4
(110.1) 		43.7
(110.7) 		41
(106) 		37.4
(99.3) 		30.2
(86.4) 		47.8
(118.0)
????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?) 18.9
(66.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32
(90) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		27.7
(81.9)
??????? ?????? °? (°?) 13.6
(56.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26
(79) 		23.3
(73.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15
(59) 		21.4
(70.5)
????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?) 9
(48) 		9.7
(49.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22
(72) 		22.1
(71.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.4
(50.7) 		15.8
(60.4)
???? ???? ????? °? (°?) 1.2
(34.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		5
(41) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		16
(61) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19
(66) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.3
(54.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3
(37) 		1.2
(34.2)
?????? ?? (???) 5
(0.2) 		3.8
(0.15) 		3.8
(0.15) 		1.1
(0.04) 		0.5
(0.02) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.7
(0.03) 		3.8
(0.15) 		5.9
(0.23) 		24.7
(0.97)
????? ???? ???? ??????? (≥ 0.01 mm) 3.5 2.7 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0.5 1.3 2.8 14.2
????? ??????? ??????? (%) 59 54 53 47 46 49 58 61 60 60 61 61 56
????? ???? ????? ??????? 213 234 269 291 324 357 363 351 311 292 248 198 3?451
?????? #1: ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (UN) (1971?2000), [34] ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? for mean, record high and low and humidity [35]
?????? #2: Danish Meteorological Institute for sunshine (1931?1960) [36]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ?????

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????: [37]

????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 681 ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. [38]

???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ???

???? ??? ????? ????? 1536 ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? 300 ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? 245 ???? ??? ?????? ??? 286 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? -239 ?? -????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? - 554 ??? ?? ??????? - ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [39] [40]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??????? ???????

???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. [41]

??? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????
???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????

??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ??????? 60 ??? ?? 2 ????? 6% ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? 597,000 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?800 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ( ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? )? ?????? ??? ???? ?????:

  1. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????.
  2. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? 40 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.
  3. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? 2600 ???. [42]

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1899?. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. [43] ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?? 4 ???: ?????? ( ???? ??? ) ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? . [44] [45]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
  1. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? 1049 ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? 804 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 290 ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
  2. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? 210 ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 34 ????
  3. ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
  4. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???. [44] [45]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? 2003? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? 8 ???? ???????. [46] [47] [48]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?????

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????
??????? ???????: ???? ?????

????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? 20,580 ?? 2 ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? . [49]

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? 1899 ??????? ?? ????? ??? 22 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 1902 ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. [50]

??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1902 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1992 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1995 ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????. [49] [51] [52]

?? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
??????? ???????: ?? ???????

??? ????? ?? ??????? (?? ????? ??????) ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??? 1906 ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? 350 ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 10 ???? 1949 ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ???? ????? ????? ≪??????≫ ?? 10 ???? 1949 ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ≪??? ?????≫? [53] [54]

?? ??? 1989 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 2006 ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? 1906 ? 1922? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????. [55] [56]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????

????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 7 ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? 27 ?????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? (??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????)? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????. [57] ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??. ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. [58]

??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 42 ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? (1798 - 1801) ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? 16 ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1805? ???? ?????? ??? 14 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????. [59]

??????? ??? [60] [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? (?? 2 ) ??? ??????
(1 ????? 2013) 		??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? [61]
?????????? 2,679 4,658,381 ?????????? 2 1 7 ??????????
??????????? 1,442 1,128,373 ??????????? 6 7 3 ??????
????? 679 1,374,985 ????? 5 10 0 ???? ??????
????? 25,926 4,062,821 ????? 11 11 2 ??? ??????
?????? 55 1,104,858 ?????? 6 7 0 ???? ??????
????? ?????? 203,685 332,741 ??????? 0 6 2 ??????
??????? 10,130 5,563,465 ?????? 15 16 0 ??????????
??? ???? 1,322 2,727,614 ??? ???? 7 7 0 ???? ??????
??????? 72 646,461 ??????? 0 2 6 ??????
???? ????? 33,140 163,092 ????? 5 8 0 ??????
?????? 85,153 7,291,017 ?????? 9 11 8 ??????? ??????
???????? 3,471 5,748,965 ???????? 16 19 2 ??????
????? 589 1,284,710 ????? 5 10 0 ??????
????? 1,547 4,404,545 ????? 11 11 3 ???? ??????
?????? 17,840 599,320 ?????? 0 0 5 ??????
??????? 4,180 6,242,810 ???????? 13 15 2 ??????
???? ????? 27,574 415,532 ?????? 6 6 0 ??????
??????? 1,942 4,592,222 ???? 8 8 4 ??????
?????? 1,827 3,021,448 ?????? 6 6 0 ???? ??????
??????? 1,983 9,002,783 ??????? 0 0 35 ??????? ??????
????????? 1,001 4,926,148 ???? 7 10 2 ??????? ??????
??? 1,851 2,918,086 ??? 9 9 0 ???? ??????
??? ????? 3,437 3,054,770 ??? ????? 13 10 2 ??????
????? 212,112 417,294 ???? ????? 8 8 0 ??????????
???????? 1,532 3,799,149 ???? ????? 9 10 2 ??????
?????? 32,279 4,930,641 ?????? 9 9 0 ???? ??????
?????? ?????? 376,505 216,751 ??????? 5 5 0 ??? ??????
27 ?????? 1,002,450 ?? 2 84,628,982 ???? ??? 225 ????? 187 ???? 85 ?? 7 ??????

???????????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???????: ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ??????
????? ??????? ???? ??? 2014.

????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. [62] ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 87,000,000 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? 6:46 ????? ??? 18 ????? 2014 ?????? ???????? [63] [64] ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 95 ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 5,604 ??? ??????? ????? 3.9 ??? ??? ????? ???????. [65] [66] ?????? ???? ??? ?? 7.7% ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? 86.1 ????/?? 2 ??????? ??????? ???????? ?1,130 ????/?? 2 ??????? ???????? ???. [67] ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? 15 ??????? ?? ??? ??????. [68]

?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 2014? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? 21 ????? ????. [69] ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 9,2 ????? ???? ????? 10.6% ????? ?????? ?????? 7,5 ????? ???? ????? 8.6%. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 172 ??? ???? ????? 0.2% ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 222 ??? ???? ????? 0.3%. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 47,285 ????/?? 2 ? ????? ?????? ?????? 6122 ????/?? 2 ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? 9.7 ????/?? 2 ????? ?????? ?????? 67 ????/?? 2 . [70] [71]

???????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ???????? ???????? ?? ???
???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????

???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? 30 ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ? [72] ??? ??? ??? ???????: ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? 6 ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? . ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?? 270 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 40 ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. [73] [74]

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????.

???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 40 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? 30 ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (60 ????? ???)? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 40 ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 28 ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 32 ????? ?? ??????? ?????? 164 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????. [74] [75]

?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 2010 ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????????) ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [75] [76]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

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  19. ^ "???????? ??????? - ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
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  50. ^ "???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? - ???? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
  51. ^ ???????? ???. "???? 5 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? - ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
  52. ^ " "?????" ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????" . ??????? . 6 ???? 2014. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-04-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-07-06 .
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  54. ^ ???????? ???. " "?? ???????" ??? ????? "?????" - ??? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
  55. ^ "??? ????? : ?? ??????? ≪?????≫ ??? ????????" . 25 ?????? 2006. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16.
  56. ^ "?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? - ????? ?????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
  57. ^ ??????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? 6 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2018-04-24 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  58. ^ ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? 6 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2016-08-08 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  59. ^ ?????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? 6 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2017-07-07 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  60. ^ ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? 20 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2016-12-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  61. ^ ???????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? 6 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2017-02-26 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  62. ^ ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??: 167.
  63. ^ ???????: ????????.. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??87 ????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? 17 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 8 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2019-07-21 ?? Wayback Machine
  64. ^ ?????? ????????: ??? ???? ??? 87 ????? ????. ??????.??. ?????? 18 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 8 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2015-03-30 ?? Wayback Machine
  65. ^ ???? ???????: 87 ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ??????? ? ?????? 19 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2017-12-25 ?? Wayback Machine
  66. ^ ??????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? 5604 ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????? 18 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2016-11-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  67. ^ ≪???????≫: ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ? ?????? 18 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2016-11-28 ?? Wayback Machine
  68. ^ "??????? ????????": ??? ???? ?????? 15 ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ? ?????? 12 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-11-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-04-15 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  69. ^ ?????? ??? 2014. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 2015-04-01 ?? Wayback Machine
  70. ^ ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? 19 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 8 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2017-11-01 ?? Wayback Machine [ ???? ?????? ]
  71. ^ ???????: ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???????? ?????? 18 ????? 2014. ????? ?????? 19 ?????? 2014. ???? ?????? 2015-09-23 ?? Wayback Machine
  72. ^ "Egypt - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-03 .
  73. ^ "????? - 31 ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-03 .
  74. ^ ? ? "?????? ??? - ??? ??? - ????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-01-04.
  75. ^ ? ? "???????? ???????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? - ????? ?????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-03 .
  76. ^ "?????? - ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-03 .

??????? [ ??? ]

  • ???? ????? ???? ? ≪?????? ????????≫? ???? 1976?? ????? ??????? ??????? .
  • ???? ???? ???? ? ≪??????? ???≫? ???? 2000? ??? ??????? ???????? .
  • ???? ???? ???? ? ≪??????? ???≫? ???? 1975? ????? ???? ????? .
  • ??????? ??????? ?????: ???? ??? ? ≪??? ??????????≫? ???? 1892? ????? ??? .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=???????_???&oldid=67112709 ≫