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[1]
[2]
[3]
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[5]
(
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:
Biogeography
)? ?? ??? ????? ?????
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Cycle of Erosion
)?? ?????? ?????
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Land Forms
)?. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???
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(
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Zoogeography
)?? ????? ?????? ?????
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???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? (?????).
[8]
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.
[9]
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?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? (?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????) ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? (??????????). ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (?? ??????)? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
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[13]
- ????????? ??????? ????????: ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????.
- ????????? ??????? ????????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
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[14]
[15]
[16]
??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????) ??????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ????????? ??????? (???????? ???????)? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.
???? ????
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]
?????
[
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- ^
???? ?????? ???? ????? (2003)?
???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???
(???????? ???????????)? ???????: ????? ???????? ?. 85?
OCLC
:
4769982658
?
QID
:
Q126042864
- ^
???? ??? ????? ???? (2006).
???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ???????? - ??????? - ????
. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (87) (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????:
????? ???????? ??????? ???????
. ?. 164.
ISBN
:
978-9948-02-125-4
.
OCLC
:
1227861266
.
QID
:
Q125602383
.
- ^
???? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
(???????? ???????????)? ??????:
????? ??????
? ?. 118?
QID
:
Q118929029
- ^
???? ????????? ?????????
(???????? ???????????) (?. 1)? ???????:
???? ????? ??????? ????????
? 2010? ?. ???
OCLC
:
713785160
?
QID
:
Q125645356
- ^
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????: (??????? - ????? - ????)
?
????? ??????? ???????
(9) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????:
???? ????? ???????
? 1994? ?. 14?
OCLC
:
1014100325
?
QID
:
Q113516986
- ^
Martiny JBH et al
Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map
Nature: FEBRUARY 2006 | VOLUME 4
[
???? ??????
]
???? ??????
10 ???? 2012 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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?
?
?
?
?
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?
?
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?
?
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Browne? Janet (1983).
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?????
?? 2014-04-27
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{{
??????? ???
}}
: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? (
link
)
(accessed April 28, 2014).
- ^
Lynne R. Parenti, Malte C. Ebach:
Comparative Biogeography: Discovering and Classifying Biogeographical Patterns of a Dynamic Earth
, Introduction, page 9
???? ??????
05 ????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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Calow, P. (1998).
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Oxford: Blackwell Science, p. 82,
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???? ??????
08 ????? 2017 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
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?????
?? ????? ?? 2016-10-08.
.