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??????????	40°N 110°E / 40°N 110°E
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35°00′N 105°00′E / 35.000°N 105.000°E / 35.000; 105.000

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??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ≪????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????≫. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ^[1] ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? (??? ????? ???? ?????)? ^[2] ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? 9,826,630 ?? ² (3,794,080 ??? ????) ^[3] ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 9,522,055 ?? ² (3,676,486 ??? ????). ^[4]

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??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 3:58 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????53:31:10 ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? 5500 ???????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????73:22:30 ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? 135:2:30 ????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? 5200 ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (??? ???? ????? ) ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??: ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ^[5] ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? . ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 22,117 ?? (13,743 ???) ??? ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ???????? ??????? ?????: ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? . ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? . ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? (????? ?????). ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 8848 ? (29029 ???)? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? .

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?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? . ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????- ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????.

???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????- ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ????????- ????? ?≪??? ??????≫. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.

??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
The first day of spring 2010 brought a massive sandstorm blowing from ??????? ????????
??? (???? ?????) over the ??? ???? ????? and the Luliang Mountains of ????? province
Early-season ??? covering part of the North China Plain near ???????????
Snow encircling the area around the ??? ????? .
Natural colour satellite image of a ????? event in the heart of northern China
On November 11, 2010, a wall of sand blew across northern China, covering much of the North China Plain and Shandong Peninsula .
Dense smog settled over the North China Plain on February 20, 2011.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? 951 ??? ??????? ???? ????? 10 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??????? 1246.5 ??? ??????? ???? ????? 13 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????: ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 4 ?????? ??????? ???? ????? 41.6 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? 67.5 ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 6 ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? 2.7 ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? 2.8 ??????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 676 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 135 ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 20 ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? 45 ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?? 32800 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 104000 ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????? 14 ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 133 ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? 26 ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 4.3 ??? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 2600 ??? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?540 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? .

?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ^[6] ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? . ???? ????? ????? ???? (4,000 ?? ²) ?????? ???? ?????? . ^[7] ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[8]

??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? . ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 760 ????? ??. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 1.4 ??????? ???. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? 36.3 ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? 82.3 ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? 63.7 ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? 17.7 ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? 0.5 ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? 70 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ^[9] ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? . ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 120 ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????: ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? 146000 ??? ?? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ "The People's Republic of China" (7 September 2005). Foreign & Commonwealth Office ???? ?????? 21 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Field Listing ? Disputes ? international , ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ "Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density" (PDF) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 10 ?????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 25 Mar. 2008 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ "United States" . Encyclopedia Britannica. ????? ?? ????? ?? 16 ?????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 25 Mar. 2008 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????.
^ "Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm" . BBC news. Retrieved 17 April 2006. ???? ?????? 01 ????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ " The gathering sandstorm: Encroaching desert, missing water ". The Independent. 9 November 2007. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ " Himalaya glaciers melting much faster ". Msnbc.msn.com. 24 November 2008. ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Biodiversity Theme Report" . Environment.gov.au. 10 Dec. 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 24 ????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 27 Apr. 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ? |?????= ( ?????? )

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?????

??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

[1] "The People's Republic of China" (7 September 2005). Foreign & Commonwealth Office ???? ?????? 21 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[CIA-2] Field Listing ? Disputes ? international , ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[3] "Population by Sex, Rate of Population Increase, Surface Area and Density" (PDF) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 10 ?????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 25 Mar. 2008 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[4] "United States" . Encyclopedia Britannica. ????? ?? ????? ?? 16 ?????? 2018 . ???? ???? ?????? 25 Mar. 2008 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[5] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????.

[6] "Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm" . BBC news. Retrieved 17 April 2006. ???? ?????? 01 ????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] " The gathering sandstorm: Encroaching desert, missing water ". The Independent. 9 November 2007. ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[8] " Himalaya glaciers melting much faster ". Msnbc.msn.com. 24 November 2008. ???? ?????? 29 ????? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] "Biodiversity Theme Report" . Environment.gov.au. 10 Dec. 2009. ????? ?? ????? ?? 24 ????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 27 Apr. 2010 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ? |?????= ( ?????? )

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