??????? ???????

??????? ????
?????	???????
??????	?????? ; ??????? (????? ??? ????? ???????? )
??????	????? ??????????? ; ??? ????? ; ????? ??????? ; ??? ????? ; ????? ?????? ???????
??????	??? ?????? ; ????????? ; ????? ; ?????? ; ?????? ; ???????? ; ????? ; ?????????? ; ????? ??????????? ; ???????
??????????	42°30′N 12°30′E / 42.5°N 12.5°E
???????	302?068 ??²
???? ????	??? ????
???? ????	???????

??? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? . ??????? ? ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1769. ???? ????? ?????? 301,230 ??2 (116,310 ??? ????) ???? 294,020 ??2 ????? ? 7,210 ??2 ????.

??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? . ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? (????????? ????????) ?? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ????????? 301,340 ??????? ???? (116,350 ??? ²)? ???? 294,140 ??????? ???? (113,570 ??? ²). ??? ??? ??? ??? 35 ???? ?47 ???? ?????? ???? ??? 6 ????? ?19 ???? ????? .

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ( 698 ??????? (434 ???) )? ????? ( 476 ??????? (296 ???) )? ?????? ( 404 ??????? (251 ???) ) ????????? ( 218 ??????? (135 ???) ). ??? ?????? ( 37 ??????? (23 ???) ) ?????? ????????? ( 3.4 ??????? (2.1 ???) ) ?? ???? . ?????? ??? ???? ?? 1,836.4 ??????? (1,141.1 ???).

??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? 7,600 ??????? (4,700 ???) ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? .

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ?? 40? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ^[4] ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? 1,350 ??????? (840 ???). ^[4] ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? 652 ??????? (405 ???) ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? 46,000 ??????? ???? (18,000 ??? ²)? ????? ???? ?? 70 ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[4]

????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? 4,810 ??? (15,780 ft) ??? ????? ??? ????? .

???????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ?????? ????: ???? ? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ^[5]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? (??? ??? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???? ) ?? ?? ???????? (??? ???? ????? ????????? )? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ( ??? ??????? ????? (?????? ???????) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ) ?? ????? ( ??????? ?? ????????? )? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? .

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????????: 12 ??? ???? (22.2 ???? 13.8 ???)
??????? ?????????? ??????? : 541,915 ??????? ???? (209,235 ??? ²)

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? (???????? ????????? )? ??????? ????? ( 370 ??????? ???? (143 ??? ²) ). ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ( 212.5 ??????? ???? (82 ??? ²) )? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ( 146 ??????? ???? (56 ??? ²) )? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????. ^[6]

???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? .

??? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??? ???. ?????? ????? 25,708 ??????? ???? (9,926 ??? ²) ???????? 24,090 ??????? ???? (9,300 ??? ²). ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ( 224 ??????? ???? (86 ??? ²) ).

?? ????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? (??????)? ???? ????? ?? 47°5′N 12°11′E / 47.083°N 12.183°E / 47.083; 12.183
???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ?? 35°29′N 12°36′E / 35.483°N 12.600°E / 35.483; 12.600 ( South: Lampedusa ) (?????)? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? 37°55′N 15°59′E / 37.917°N 15.983°E / 37.917; 15.983 ( South: Capo Spartivento ) (???? ???????)
???? ???? ?? ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?? 45°6′N 6°37′E / 45.100°N 6.617°E / 45.100; 6.617 ( West: Rocca Bernauda )
???? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? 40°6′N 18°31′E / 40.100°N 18.517°E / 40.100; 18.517 ( East: Capo d'Otranto )

?????? [ ??? ]

??????: ???? ????? ? ???????? (4807.5 ?) ?? 45°50′N 6°51′E / 45.833°N 6.850°E / 45.833; 6.850 ( Mont Blanc (highest) )
??????: ??????? ?? ?????? (-3.44 ?) ?? 44°53′N 11°59′E / 44.883°N 11.983°E / 44.883; 11.983 ( Le Contane (lowest) )
???? ???????: ??????? ??????? (2,209 ?) ?? 46°32′N 10°11′E / 46.533°N 10.183°E / 46.533; 10.183 ( Trepalle )

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? (????? ?????? ???): 4.9?
?????: 52.2?
- ??????? ??????? ???????: 27.9?
- ?????: 7.1?
- ????: 17.2?
???: 41.4?
??????? ??????: 0.4?
?????? (???????? ??? ??? ???): 1.1?

??? ????? [ ??? ]

39510 ?? ² (2007)

?????? ????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

191.3 ?? ³ (2011)

??? ?????? ?????? (????? / ????? / ?????) [ ??? ]

??????? : 45.41 ??? ³ / ??? (24? / 43? / 34?)
???? ?????: 789.8 ? ³ / ??? (2008)

???? ??? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ????????? ????????.
???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1849.
????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????.
????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? (????? ?????? ???)? ???????.
????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
??????? ???????? ?? ??????? .
???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? .
???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.
???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? .
???????? ???????? ????????.
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? .
???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? .
???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ???????.
???????? ???? "??????" ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????.
???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????.
???? "?? ????" ????? ???? ???????? .
?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ???????
????? ??? ???????
??????? ???????? ?? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Analisi dei cambiamenti della copertura ed uso del suolo in Italia nel periodo 2000-2006" (PDF) . ISPRA. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-04-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-23 .
^ Rivoluzione geografica: non e la Vetta d'Italia il " punto" piu a nord . ???? ?????? 2015-11-08 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Riganti]? [dir. da Alberto (1991). Enciclopedia universale Garzanti (?. Nuova ed. aggiornata e ampliata.). Milano: Garzanti. ISBN : 88-11-50459-7 .
^ ^? ^? ^? Riganti]? [dir. da Alberto (1991). Enciclopedia universale Garzanti (?. Nuova ed. aggiornata e ampliata.). Milano: Garzanti. ISBN : 88-11-50459-7 .
^ World, Discover the. "Classroom Resource: Living in the shadow of Italy's volcanoes" . Discover the World (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-17 . Retrieved 2021-12-01 .
^ "Italy" . Geography (???????????). 21 Mar 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15 . Retrieved 2021-12-01 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????? ???????

[1] "Analisi dei cambiamenti della copertura ed uso del suolo in Italia nel periodo 2000-2006" (PDF) . ISPRA. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-04-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-23 .

[2] Rivoluzione geografica: non e la Vetta d'Italia il " punto" piu a nord . ???? ?????? 2015-11-08 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] Riganti]? [dir. da Alberto (1991). Enciclopedia universale Garzanti (?. Nuova ed. aggiornata e ampliata.). Milano: Garzanti. ISBN : 88-11-50459-7 .

[eug92-4] ? ^? ^? Riganti]? [dir. da Alberto (1991). Enciclopedia universale Garzanti (?. Nuova ed. aggiornata e ampliata.). Milano: Garzanti. ISBN : 88-11-50459-7 .

[5] World, Discover the. "Classroom Resource: Living in the shadow of Italy's volcanoes" . Discover the World (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2021-11-17 . Retrieved 2021-12-01 .

[6] "Italy" . Geography (???????????). 21 Mar 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-11-15 . Retrieved 2021-12-01 .

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[6]