??? ???????

????? ????????? ( ??????????? : Electric bell )? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? .

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? William Sturgeon ??? 1823? ^[1]? ???? ?????: ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? James Marsh ??? 1824 ^[2]? ??? ????? ?? ??? (???) ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? (??? ?????? ?????).

????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??: ?????? ≪???? ??????≫ "contact breaker" ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ≪???????≫ ?? ??? ??? ????? Johann Philipp Wagner ??? (1839) ????????? ??? Christian Ernst Neeff ??? (1847) ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (1847)? ???? ??? ?????? (????? 1850) ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? Siemens ??? ??? Lippens.

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. (???? ????? ?????) ???? ??????? B ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? A. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? (?????? ?????) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? E (????? ??? ??????? K)? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? B? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? T ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? T ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????.

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????? .

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ????? ? (???? ??????)? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????.

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ?(???? ?????? ?????)? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ???? permanent magnet ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? . ^[3]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????: ??????? ? ?????? ????? . ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 10v ? 24v? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ^[4]? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? (???? Telephone magneto ^[??????????]). ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ^[5]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1891). The Electromagnet and Electromagnetic Mechanism . London: E. and F. N. Spon. pp. 318?319 ???? ?????? 2016-12-03 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Shepardson, George Defreese (1917). Telephone Apparatus: An Introduction to the Development and Theory . New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 315?316 ???? ?????? 2020-01-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Kennedy, Rankin (1902). "Chapter IV: Telephones; Polarised Bell". The Book of Electrical Installations. Vol III (Unknown - the 'lamp' cover ed.). Caxton. pp. 126?127
^ Frederick Charles Allsop. Practical electric bell fitting: a treatise on the fitting-up and maintenance of electric bells and all the necessary apparatus. E. & F. N. Spon. 1890. pp. 30-32
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120719134350/http://www.federalsignal-indust.com/CutSheets/CS_A4_A6_A10_500_600.pdf . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-07-19. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

[1] Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1891). The Electromagnet and Electromagnetic Mechanism . London: E. and F. N. Spon. pp. 318?319 ???? ?????? 2016-12-03 ?? Wayback Machine

[2] Shepardson, George Defreese (1917). Telephone Apparatus: An Introduction to the Development and Theory . New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 315?316 ???? ?????? 2020-01-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] Kennedy, Rankin (1902). "Chapter IV: Telephones; Polarised Bell". The Book of Electrical Installations. Vol III (Unknown - the 'lamp' cover ed.). Caxton. pp. 126?127

[4] Frederick Charles Allsop. Practical electric bell fitting: a treatise on the fitting-up and maintenance of electric bells and all the necessary apparatus. E. & F. N. Spon. 1890. pp. 30-32

[5] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120719134350/http://www.federalsignal-indust.com/CutSheets/CS_A4_A6_A10_500_600.pdf . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2012-07-19. {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

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