???? ?????????

???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? . ^[1]^[2] ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? 10 ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? 500 ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ^[3]^[4]

???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??? 2005? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2004 . ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 83?. ^[5]^[6]

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[7]^[8]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? (UNEP) ??? ?? ??????? ?? 26 ?????? / ????? ????? 2004 ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ^[9] ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????. ^[10]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ "??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? catalog.archives.gov" . catalog.archives.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-26.
^ "??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? getty.edu" . getty.edu. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-26.
^ "What are the disadvantages of sea walls? ? Sage-Answer" . sage-answer.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .
^ McCloy, John (24 Jun 2019). "Sea Wall Guide: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?" . greencoast.org (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .
^ Buck, Pile (10 Jan 2018). "The Design of Coastal Revetments, Seawalls, and Bulkheads" . Pile Buck Magazine (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .
^ "Seawall Design" . Coastal Engineering Solutions (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .
^ "Sea walls | Climate Technology Centre & Network | 1183749" . www.ctc-n.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .
^ "SEA WALLS - structuralengineerflorida" . sites.google.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .
^ "Satellite imagery and modelling show how forests cushion the impact of tsunamis" . web.archive.org . 16 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ "Science NetLinks | American Association for the Advancement of Science" . www.aaas.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-08-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-02 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????????

????? ???????

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] "??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? catalog.archives.gov" . catalog.archives.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-26.

[2] "??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? getty.edu" . getty.edu. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-10-26.

[3] "What are the disadvantages of sea walls? ? Sage-Answer" . sage-answer.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .

[4] McCloy, John (24 Jun 2019). "Sea Wall Guide: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?" . greencoast.org (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .

[5] Buck, Pile (10 Jan 2018). "The Design of Coastal Revetments, Seawalls, and Bulkheads" . Pile Buck Magazine (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .

[6] "Seawall Design" . Coastal Engineering Solutions (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2022-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 .

[7] "Sea walls | Climate Technology Centre & Network | 1183749" . www.ctc-n.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .

[8] "SEA WALLS - structuralengineerflorida" . sites.google.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-11-09 .

[9] "Satellite imagery and modelling show how forests cushion the impact of tsunamis" . web.archive.org . 16 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[10] "Science NetLinks | American Association for the Advancement of Science" . www.aaas.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-08-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-02 .

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