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????? ??? ? ( ??????????? : Yale University )? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? . ^[11]^[12]^[13] ????? ??? 1701 . ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? . ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? (31.2 ????? ?????) ??? ???????? ?? ?????? (??? ??????? ) ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? 65 ?????? ??? ????? ???? . ????? ?? 12 ????: ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 2000 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 65 ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

????? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???( 1640 ) ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? 1701 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? 1718 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ≪ ????? ??? ≫ ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? 417 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? :

1810 : ?? ????? ???? ????
1822 :???? ???????
1824 : ???? ?????? ?? ???
1847 :???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1861 ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? .
1869 : ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1869?
1894 : ???? ????????
1900 : ???? ??????? ???????
1923 : ???? ???????
1955 : ???? ??????? ???????
1972 : ????? ??????? ?? ???
1974 : ???? ????? ???????

????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1841 . ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1869 ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 1969 .

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? 450 ?????? .

??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ≪???????? ????????≫. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???.

??? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? 11000 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? 110 ???? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? 2000 ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 170 ?????? (69 ???????) ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? 225 ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ≪???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????≫ ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? 600 ?????? (243 ???????) ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? 11 ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 5 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? 200,000 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 500,000 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??? 7000 ?????- ???? ???? 3,500 ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 800,000 ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? 5000 ?????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (Sterling Memorial Library) ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? 1832 ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1977 ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 1866 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????- ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? 500 ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? 500 ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????- ???????.

?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1850 .

?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 600 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? (????????) ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????.

?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? .

???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????.

????? ???? ?? 1900 ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? 100 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ???? ??.?. ???
?????? ???????? ??? ???????
?????? ???????? ???? ?. ???
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?????? ???????? ?????? ????
??????? ?????? ????? ???????
??? ?????
??????? ??? ????
??????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? .
????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? .

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ? QID : Q6042926
^ https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=296064&p=1973562 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-11-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "U.S. and Canadian 2022 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2022 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY21 to FY22, and FY22 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student (Excel)" (???????????). National Association of College and University Business Officers. 17 Feb 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21 . Retrieved 2023-05-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( help )
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240116123311/https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Who-We-Are/AAU%20Member%20Universities%20listed%20by%20year_updated%202023.pdf . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-01-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ORCID iD (???????????), QID : Q51044
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://www.linuxfoundation.org/membership/members/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "Our Members / Tier 2" (???????????) . Retrieved 2021-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |accessdate= ( help )
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20240227092307/https://www.cni.org/about-cni/membership/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-02-27 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Fears? Danika. "The $100 million couple" . Yale Daily News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-04-13 .
^ NAICU ? Member Directory ???? ?????? November 9, 2015, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "John C. Calhoun | Clemson University, South Carolina" . www.clemson.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-12-19 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ???

????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

????? ??? ??? ???????? .
????? ??? ??? ?????? .
????? ??? ??? ????? .
????? ??? ??? ?????? .
????? ??? ??? ???? .

[wikidata-3a898e189b5a0c811a5d4ee8eeab4639efe4b6e1-1] ? ^? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ? QID : Q6042926

[wikidata-a230c7ee46c56dc790b7a52367303d94c28c62b9-2] ttps://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=296064&p=1973562 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-11-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-2b8c98e7e92b24ae2d0ee00b29ca6b1efeaae4bf-3] "U.S. and Canadian 2022 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2022 Endowment Market Value, Change in Market Value from FY21 to FY22, and FY22 Endowment Market Values Per Full-time Equivalent Student (Excel)" (???????????). National Association of College and University Business Officers. 17 Feb 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21 . Retrieved 2023-05-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch ( help )

[wikidata-075cda55247fcaef762046f9e6e13ce829c74fec-4] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20240116123311/https://www.aau.edu/sites/default/files/AAU-Files/Who-We-Are/AAU%20Member%20Universities%20listed%20by%20year_updated%202023.pdf . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-4b35a7dc12cbd39456450d9ee2c9ea3ee4798d82-5] ttps://www.aau.edu/who-we-are/our-members . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-01-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-6ab814bba7c7d0c681ecc990658de08693f8c7b5-6] ORCID iD (???????????), QID : Q51044

[wikidata-47247e489795e264316400859fb047e1efb2f9c5-7] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-fc93fb061aa68f9770b04ecc634af4a62e569489-8] ttps://www.linuxfoundation.org/membership/members/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-04-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-d43a1d6637b997432b2358084286527ba0862d9c-9] "Our Members / Tier 2" (???????????) . Retrieved 2021-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |accessdate= ( help )

[wikidata-6cf10d8173bb99beccf6f116c4c52582e323619d-10] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20240227092307/https://www.cni.org/about-cni/membership/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-02-27 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[11] Fears? Danika. "The $100 million couple" . Yale Daily News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-04-13 .

[12] NAICU ? Member Directory ???? ?????? November 9, 2015, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[13] "John C. Calhoun | Clemson University, South Carolina" . www.clemson.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-12-19 .

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