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????? ?????? ( ??????????? : University of Glasgow )? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? .

???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? 1451 ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? 100 ????.

???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 120 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ^[6]

????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1451 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????. ^[7]

??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ( ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? 1410 )? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 1583 .

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? (??????????) ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????) ?? ??? ???????) ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? . ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ????? . ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1933 ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ^[8]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ http://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/our-universities/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://orcid.org/members/001G000001C8dNXIAZ-university-of-glasgow . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ "Our Members / Tier 5" (???????????) . Retrieved 2021-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |accessdate= ( help )
^ https://www.the-guild.eu/members/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ??????? ????? ????? - ??? ?????? ????? - ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ University of Glasgow - Who, Where and When , retrieved 22nd April 2006 ???? ?????? 2007-09-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ rachaelegan (14 ???? 2012). "Einstein at Glasgow University " University of Glasgow Library" . Universityofglasgowlibrary.wordpress.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-02-03 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ??????

?????? ??????

????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

[wikidata-cd6c5c31248fc859652fb1bf5f5dac3bc5c12863-1] ttp://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/our-universities/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-0361469852a758c5c73aa32fcb189bedd7f3ecc6-2] ttps://orcid.org/members/001G000001C8dNXIAZ-university-of-glasgow . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-47247e489795e264316400859fb047e1efb2f9c5-3] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-20 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-83baab2c5682835c335698a0a4e939ee54421f51-4] "Our Members / Tier 5" (???????????) . Retrieved 2021-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |accessdate= ( help )

[wikidata-896f298a679e245d5eca3e7ebeb1f61715bab457-5] ttps://www.the-guild.eu/members/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-12-16 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[arabsgate-6] ??????? ????? ????? - ??? ?????? ????? - ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2016-03-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[7] University of Glasgow - Who, Where and When , retrieved 22nd April 2006 ???? ?????? 2007-09-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] rachaelegan (14 ???? 2012). "Einstein at Glasgow University " University of Glasgow Library" . Universityofglasgowlibrary.wordpress.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-02-03 .

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