?????? ????

?????? ????
( ?????????? : Allemande )?
	Theodor Schwann
??????? ?????
???????	7 ?????? 1810 ; ???? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????? (now in Germany)
??????	11 ????? 1882 (71 ???) ; ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????
??????	????? ??????
??? ??	??????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????
?????? ???????
?????? ??? ????? ??????	Schwann
??????? ????	????? ??? ; ????? ???? ; ????? ??????? ?? ????? ; ????? ?????????
???? ???	?????? ???? ????
??????	?????? ? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????
??????	?????????
???? ?????	??? ???????
???? ??	????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????
??? ??????	????? ?????? ; ???? ????s
???????
	????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ‏ (1879) ; ???? ????? (1845) ; ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ; ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ???? ( ?????????? : Theodor Schwann )? (7 ?????? 1810 - 11 ????? 1882)? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????.

?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1810 ???????? ???? ????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? . ^[4]^[5] ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ^[6]

?? ??? 1829? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? 1831. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ≪????? ????????????≫ ??? ???? 1837-1840 ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? 1837-1843 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ^[7]

?? ??? 1831? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ^[8] ?? ??? 1833? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1834. ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? 1833-1834 ??? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ^[9]

????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1834 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? 120 ???? ???. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????. ^[10]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1834 ???? ??? 1839 ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[9]

???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[11]

????? ??? 1838? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? 1838 ???? ???? ??? 1846 ???? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1839 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????.

???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1844 ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 1838 ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????. ^[12]

?? ??? 1848? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? 1858 ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????. ???????? ?? ??? 1872 ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 1877 ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? 1879. ^[13]

??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? 1878? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 263 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????: ≪??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????≫.

??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1882. ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ^[14]

????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ^[13]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 1835 ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ^[15]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
?????? ???? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? www.accademiadellescienze.it (??????????), QID : Q107212659
^ List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 (PDF) (???????????), Royal Society , p. 317, QID : Q111806251
^ "Award winners : Copley Medal" (???????????). Royal Society . Retrieved 2018-12-30 .
^ "Theodor Schwann" . Famous Scientists . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-01 .
^ Thomas? Tony Abraham (2017). "Theodor Schwann: A founding father of biology and medicine". Current Medical Issues . ?. 15 ?. 4: 299. DOI : 10.4103/cmi.cmi_81_17 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )
^ Vienne? Florence (28 ?????? 2017). "Worlds Conflicting" . Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences . ?. 47 ?. 5: 629?652. DOI : 10.1525/hsns.2017.47.5.629 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-05 .
^ Garrison? Fielding Hudson (8 ?????? 2013). An Introduction to the History of Medicine, with Medical Chronology, Bibliographic Data and Test Questions - Primary Source Edition . Nabu Press. ?. 387?404, 416. ISBN : 978-1295393169 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .
^ "Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert" . Max Planck Institute for the History of Science . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .
^ ^? ^? Otis? Laura (5 ????? 2007). Muller's lab . Oxford University Press. ?. 60?76. ISBN : 9780195306972 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .
^ Hajdu? Steven I. (2002). "A note from history: Introduction of the cell theory" . Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science . ?. 32 ?. 1: 98?100. PMID : 11848625 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .
^ Oppenheimer? Jane (1963). "Review: LIVES AND LETTERS OF THEODOR SCHWANN A REVIEW Reviewed Work: Lettres de Theodore Schwann by Marcel Florkin". Bulletin of the History of Medicine . ?. 37 ?. 1: 78?83. JSTOR : 44446900 .
^ Aubert? Genvieve (2003). "Theodor Schwann" (PDF) . ?? Aminoff? Michael? Daroff? Robert (????????). Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences . San Diego: Academic Press. ?. 215?217. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-03 .
^ ^? ^? Parnes? Ohad (11 ????? 2006). "From agents to cells: Theodor Schwann's research notes of the years 1835 to 1838" . ?? Holmes? F. L.? Renn? J.? Rheinberger? Hans-Jorg (????????). Reworking the bench : research notebooks in the history of science . Kluwer Academic Publishers. ?. 123?. ISBN : 978-0-306-48152-9 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-06 .
^ Karenberg? Axel (26 ?????? 2000). "Chapter 7. The Schwann cell" . ?? Koehler? Peter J.? Bruyn? George W.? Pearce? John M. S. (????????). Neurological eponyms . Oxford University Press. ?. 44?50. ISBN : 9780195133660 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-08 .
^ Finkelstein? Gabriel (2013). Emil du Bois-Reymond : neuroscience, self, and society in nineteenth-century Germany . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ?. 51?52. ISBN : 9780262019507 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-24.

?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ?? ?? ???? ?????.

[wikidata-218487acf27794dcea2a5395ea7d73a16499c1a2-1] ? ^? www.accademiadellescienze.it (??????????), QID : Q107212659

[wikidata-2bc96395f894feb5277f0845460a7c98269eaf20-2] List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 (PDF) (???????????), Royal Society , p. 317, QID : Q111806251

[wikidata-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-3] "Award winners : Copley Medal" (???????????). Royal Society . Retrieved 2018-12-30 .

[FS-4] "Theodor Schwann" . Famous Scientists . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-01 .

[Thomas-5] Thomas? Tony Abraham (2017). "Theodor Schwann: A founding father of biology and medicine". Current Medical Issues . ?. 15 ?. 4: 299. DOI : 10.4103/cmi.cmi_81_17 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ??? ???? ( link )

[Vienne-6] Vienne? Florence (28 ?????? 2017). "Worlds Conflicting" . Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences . ?. 47 ?. 5: 629?652. DOI : 10.1525/hsns.2017.47.5.629 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-05 .

[Garrison-7] Garrison? Fielding Hudson (8 ?????? 2013). An Introduction to the History of Medicine, with Medical Chronology, Bibliographic Data and Test Questions - Primary Source Edition . Nabu Press. ?. 387?404, 416. ISBN : 978-1295393169 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .

[Planck-8] "Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert" . Max Planck Institute for the History of Science . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .

[Otis-9] ? ^? Otis? Laura (5 ????? 2007). Muller's lab . Oxford University Press. ?. 60?76. ISBN : 9780195306972 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .

[Hajdu-10] Hajdu? Steven I. (2002). "A note from history: Introduction of the cell theory" . Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science . ?. 32 ?. 1: 98?100. PMID : 11848625 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-10-31 .

[Oppenheimer-11] Oppenheimer? Jane (1963). "Review: LIVES AND LETTERS OF THEODOR SCHWANN A REVIEW Reviewed Work: Lettres de Theodore Schwann by Marcel Florkin". Bulletin of the History of Medicine . ?. 37 ?. 1: 78?83. JSTOR : 44446900 .

[ENS-12] Aubert? Genvieve (2003). "Theodor Schwann" (PDF) . ?? Aminoff? Michael? Daroff? Robert (????????). Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences . San Diego: Academic Press. ?. 215?217. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-03 .

[Parnes-13] ? ^? Parnes? Ohad (11 ????? 2006). "From agents to cells: Theodor Schwann's research notes of the years 1835 to 1838" . ?? Holmes? F. L.? Renn? J.? Rheinberger? Hans-Jorg (????????). Reworking the bench : research notebooks in the history of science . Kluwer Academic Publishers. ?. 123?. ISBN : 978-0-306-48152-9 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-06 .

[Karenberg-14] Karenberg? Axel (26 ?????? 2000). "Chapter 7. The Schwann cell" . ?? Koehler? Peter J.? Bruyn? George W.? Pearce? John M. S. (????????). Neurological eponyms . Oxford University Press. ?. 44?50. ISBN : 9780195133660 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-11-08 .

[Finkelstein-15] Finkelstein? Gabriel (2013). Emil du Bois-Reymond : neuroscience, self, and society in nineteenth-century Germany . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ?. 51?52. ISBN : 9780262019507 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-24.

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