?????
?? ??????
????? ?????
(
?????????
: Pule?anga Fakatu?i ?o Tonga) ??
??????
??? 176 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? 748 ??2 ???? ??
???? ?????
?? ????
?????? ??????
???? 52 ?????? ???.
[9]
???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? 800 ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???
?????????
??????
. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????
?????
??????.
[10]
???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
???? ???
?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? 1773. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???.
[11]
????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????.
[12]
?? ??? 2010? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???
????? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????.
???????
[
???
]
????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
??????
?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? 1500-1000 ??? ???????.
[13]
?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????
???? ?? ??? ???????
. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? 1616 ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????.
??? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????? ???
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
?????
??????
????? ???????
???????
????? ???????
?????????? ???????
???
???????
??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1616 ?? ??????????
??????????
????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? (???? ???
??????? ????????
????????????) ??? 1643 ???
??? ??????
(????? ??? ????????? ??????). ?????? ???
???? ???
(??????? ??????????) ?? 1773 ? 1774 ? 1777 ?????????? ????????? (??????? ?????????) ?? 1793 ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 1797 ?????
????????
??????? ????? ????? ?? 1822.
???????? ??? ????? (1845?1893).
?? ??? 1845 ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (≪????≫) ?? ??? 1831. ?? 1875? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????.
????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 18 ???? 1900? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???
???????????? ??????????
? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (1901-1970)? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? (??? ???
???? ????
???????? ???? ?? ????) ?? 1901 ??? 1952. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
??????
??????
. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? 1918? ????
???? ??????????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 1,800 ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? 8? ?? ??????.
[14]
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? 1970 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? 1965. ????? ????? ???
??? ?????????
?? 1970 (??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? - ????
???????
???????
??????????
) ?????? ????? ??
????? ???????
?? ?????? 1999. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? 2006? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ????????
??????? ??????
????????? ??? ???????.
[15]
???????
[
???
]
?????
????? ???????
. ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????
???? ???? ??????
??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??
???????
?????? ?????? ???????.
???? ????? ?????????:
- ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????.
- ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.
- ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????.
????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????
??? ??????
98.9 ??
[16]
??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (?????? ???? ??????).
???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????). ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??? ???? 70 ? ?? ??????) ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????? ???????
???????????
?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????
?????????
?????????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????.
???? ????? ?????
???????? ???? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (??????? ????????? ?????? ??????) ???????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????.
???? ????? ????? ≪????? ????????≫ ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??
??????
?? ????? ??? 2004. ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 40+ ???? ??? ?????? ?? 17 ?????? 2004.
[17]
?? ??? 2007? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 2008 ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 2008 ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??
??? ??????
.
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? (??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????)? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????)?
[18]
????? ????? ???????? (????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????
???????
)?
[19]
???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????)?
[20]
??? ???? ????? ???????
????? 757
??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????
???????
? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
[21]
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????
??????
?? ????? ?????? ?? ???
?????????
? ????????? ??? ???? ??????
???????
???
?????
(?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????).
[22]
???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (??? 26 ?????
?????
) ????? ???????? ???
?????? ????
???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????) ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
[23]
?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.
[24]
????? ?????? ?? ?????.
?? ????? ??? 2003 ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ≪?????≫ ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? 80? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???????? ?? ?????? 2004? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (????? ?????) ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.
???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? (???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????) ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? 160 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ≪????? ?????≫.
???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.
?? ??? 2005? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? (2005-2006) ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
[25]
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??? ??????????) ???? ??? 11 ?????? 2006? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.
?? 5 ????? 2006 ???? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ??????????
?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????????? (55 ?????) ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????) ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2006. ?? 16 ?????? 2006? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? 60% ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 6 ?????.
[26]
?? 29 ????? 2008 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? 2010 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????: ≪?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????... ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????≫. ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.
[27]
??????? ???????
[
???
]
????? ?????
?????? ???????? ?????
?????
???? ??? ???? ????? (
Division
) ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? (
District
).
[28]
[29]
| ?????
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[
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???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??: ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????.
[28]
[29]
?????? ?? ?????
?????
?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ????
???????? ??????????
??? ?????? ??? ?????.
| ???????? ???????? ??{{{location}}}
|
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????
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????
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??????
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??????
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??????
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??????
|
?????? ??????
|
| ?????? ?????? °? (°?)
|
32
(90)
|
32
(90)
|
31
(88)
|
30
(86)
|
30
(86)
|
28
(82)
|
28
(82)
|
28
(82)
|
28
(82)
|
29
(84)
|
30
(86)
|
31
(88)
|
32
(90)
|
| ????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?)
|
28
(82)
|
29
(84)
|
28
(82)
|
27
(81)
|
26
(79)
|
25
(77)
|
25
(77)
|
24
(75)
|
25
(77)
|
25
(77)
|
27
(81)
|
27
(81)
|
26
(79)
|
| ??????? ?????? °? (°?)
|
25
(77)
|
25
(77)
|
25
(77)
|
24
(75)
|
23
(73)
|
21
(70)
|
21
(70)
|
21
(70)
|
21
(70)
|
22
(72)
|
23
(73)
|
23
(73)
|
23
(73)
|
| ????? ???? ??????? ?????? °? (°?)
|
22
(72)
|
22
(72)
|
22
(72)
|
21
(70)
|
20
(68)
|
18
(64)
|
17
(63)
|
18
(64)
|
17
(63)
|
19
(66)
|
20
(68)
|
20
(68)
|
20
(68)
|
| ???? ???? ????? °? (°?)
|
16
(61)
|
17
(63)
|
15
(59)
|
15
(59)
|
13
(55)
|
11
(52)
|
10
(50)
|
11
(52)
|
11
(52)
|
12
(54)
|
13
(55)
|
16
(61)
|
10
(50)
|
| ???? ???? ??????? ?? (???)
|
130
(5.1)
|
190
(7.5)
|
210
(8.3)
|
120
(4.7)
|
130
(5.1)
|
100
(3.9)
|
100
(3.9)
|
130
(5.1)
|
110
(4.3)
|
90
(3.5)
|
100
(3.9)
|
120
(4.7)
|
1?530
(60)
|
| ????? ?????? ???????
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
12
|
12
|
10
|
10
|
12
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
134
|
| ?????
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(%)
|
77
|
78
|
79
|
76
|
78
|
77
|
75
|
75
|
74
|
74
|
73
|
75
|
76
|
| ??????: ????? ??????
[30]
|
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[
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]
???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1 ???
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? (?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????). ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???
???? ?????
?? ??? 2008.
[31]
????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??
????? ???????
?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1998.
????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? 3 ? ??
?????? ?????? ????????
. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? 1974? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.
[32]
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.
???????? ???????
???????? ??
??? ?????
??????????
??????
????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (?????) ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (????? ????????). ????? ?????
???????
??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ???
???????
????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2007 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????.
???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
????? ??? ???????
. ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? 35 ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
???????
. ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????
???????
.
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????.
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.
????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? (??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????) ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
[33]
?? 2005 ????? ?????? ????? ??????
????? ??????? ????????
. ??? ?? 25 ????? 2006 ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????.
???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1996 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????.
??????
[
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]
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? 2009? ??? 19 ? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 25 ? ?? ????????.
????? ??????? ???????? ???
?????? ????????
?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????
?????? ????????
?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??
??????
?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.
[34]
??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? 2010-2020 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? 50 ? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????.
[35]
???????? ????????
[
???
]
???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2005 ??? ????? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ?? 70 ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? 101,991 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? -?????????- ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????.
???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????
????????
???? ???? ???? ?? 98 ? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? (???????? ?? ???????????) ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? 3000 ?? 4000 ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2001 ???????? ????? ??? 3 ?? 4 ? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
[36]
?? ??? 2006? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????.
[37]
??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 6 ? 14 ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? 8 ? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? 90 ? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.
????? ????????
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????? ??????????
. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????
?????????
?????????
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????? ?? 90% ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 60% ?????? ??
?????? ???????
.
[38]
????? 70% ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 15-85 ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????
?????
?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.
[39]
?????
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????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???????? ?? ??? 2006 ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????????
[40]
?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2006
[41]
????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????:
- ????????? ??????? (??????????) (38,052 ?? 37?).
- ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (????????) (17,109 ?? 17?)
- ????? ????????? (15,992 ?? 16?)
- ????? ????? ????? (11,599 ?? 11?)
??????? ???????
[
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????? ??????
????? ???? ???????? ????????.
??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? 3000 ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???
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?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??
????
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. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.
????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???
????????
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????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????
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????? ?????????
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(?????????)
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(????????). ?????
??????
??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (??????? ??????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.
???????
[
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????? ??????
?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? (?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????) ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????
??? ?????? ??????
??? ??? 1987. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 2007 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? 25-15 ?????? 19-15? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? 2007 ???? ??????? ????? 30-25 ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? 36-20 ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? 2011 ?? ?????????.
???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 2007 ?? 1995? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? 29-11 ???? 1999 ????? ???? ??? ??????? 28-25 (??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? 14 ?????? ??? ?? ??????? 10-101). ???? ????? ????? ≪???? ???≫ (???? ?????) ??? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????
??? ?????
(?????????) ?????????? (????????) ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? 2008 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????.
?????? ????
???? ??????
????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? 2008 ?? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
???
???????
??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??
??? ?????
?????? ?????? (>91 ???) ?? ????
??????? ????????? ???????
1996 ?? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????.
????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
[42]
??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??
??? ????? ?????????
.
???????
[
???
]
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"???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????"
.
OpenStreetMap
. ???? ???? ??????
2024-05-19
.
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????? ??????
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
. ???? ???? ??????
2023-08-26
.
- ^
"?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ???????? ????????) - Tonga / Data"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-07-24
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-10-02
.
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https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI
.
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????? ??????? ???????
?
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? 2022?
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"International Numbering Resources Database"
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.
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"International Numbering Resources Database"
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http://chartsbin.com/view/edr
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Official Tongan Government Tourism Website
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??? ??? ????
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C.M. Churchward,
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.
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, Volume 2,
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??? ??? ????
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??? ??? ????
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????? ????? ???
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?? ????? ?????
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??? ??? ????
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???? ??????
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??? ??? ????
.
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