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??????	5 ????? 1729 (66 ???) ; ????
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????? ??????? ( ??????????? : Thomas Newcomen )? (?????? 1664 -5 ????? 1729) ^[3] ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1712. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? (??? ?? ???? ?????) ??????? . ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 28 ?????? 1664. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1712? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ≪?????? ???????≫? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ≪?????? ???????≫ ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ^[4]

?????? ??????? ????? ????????? (??? ????? ??????) ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 75 ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 6 ????? (1.8 ???) ????? ??? 1760. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? 600 ???? ??????? ????? ??? 1775? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????.

?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? -??? ??????- ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (??????)? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1775 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? (????? ?? ??????? ) ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? -??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????- ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? . ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ??? 1800 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? .

??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? (????? ???? ?????? ?????) ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? (??? 1800)? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?? 2200 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 450 ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ≪???????≫. ??? ??? ??? 1800 ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? (??? ???? ≪???? ??????? ??????≫ ??????).

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ????. ^[5]

?? ??? 1964 ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1725? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[6]

??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2012 ?2015? ???? ?????? ?????? -???? ?? ??????- ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? 2016? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ^[7]^[8]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? 23 ?????? 2012 ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ≪????????? ???????≫. ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Newcomen . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Store norske leksikon | Thomas Newcomen (?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????), ISSN : 2464-1480 , QID : Q746368
^ Rolt & Allen (1977) , p. 33.
^ Morris? Charles R. Morris; illustrations by J.E. (2012). The dawn of innovation the first American Industrial Revolution (?. 1st). New York: PublicAffairs. ?. 42. ISBN : 978-1-61039-049-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-29. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Russell? Ben. "In pursuit of power" . Science Museum . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-10-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-19 .
^ (Eric Preston, Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth , Dartmouth History Research Group 2012, ( ???? 1-899011-27-7 ))
^ Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35, October 1962
^ Bansley Museums Annual Review 2015-2016 , page 10; url= http://www.elsecar-heritage.com/content/downloads/Barnsley-Arts-and-Museums-Annual-Review-15-16-41719234.pdf ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Tom Banks (23 ?????? 2012). "Purpose designs Britons of distinction stamps" . Design Week . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-05.

????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[wikidata-71638e123dc8f2199677a355bd0e3046362e2878-1] ttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Newcomen . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-01d66a559b0d213c90a9a76f61920df84e79688d-2] Store norske leksikon | Thomas Newcomen (?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????), ISSN : 2464-1480 , QID : Q746368

[FOOTNOTERoltAllen1977-3] Rolt & Allen (1977) , p. 33.

[4] Morris? Charles R. Morris; illustrations by J.E. (2012). The dawn of innovation the first American Industrial Revolution (?. 1st). New York: PublicAffairs. ?. 42. ISBN : 978-1-61039-049-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-29. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[5] Russell? Ben. "In pursuit of power" . Science Museum . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-10-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-19 .

[6] (Eric Preston, Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth , Dartmouth History Research Group 2012, ( ???? 1-899011-27-7 ))

[7] Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35, October 1962

[8] Bansley Museums Annual Review 2015-2016 , page 10; url= http://www.elsecar-heritage.com/content/downloads/Barnsley-Arts-and-Museums-Annual-Review-15-16-41719234.pdf ???? ?????? 23 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] Tom Banks (23 ?????? 2012). "Purpose designs Britons of distinction stamps" . Design Week . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-05.

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?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Potential future
????? ?????	??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? Economies of agglomeration ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????/ ???????	??????? ??????? Thomas Boulsover ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege ?????? ???????? Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater ????? ??????? ???? ???????? Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman ????? ???? ????? , John Kay (flying shuttle) John Kay (spinning frame) ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts ????? ????? Samuel Slater ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? John Wyatt
?????	Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal ?????? Coalbrookdale ???????? ????? ???? ??????? Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway
??????/ ?????????	????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? Flying shuttle ???? ??????? ??????? Power loom ??? ?????? ??? ???? Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny ???? ????? Stephenson's Rocket Water frame ???? ??? ???????
??????? ?????????	???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? Cottage industry Factory Acts ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? Rochdale Pioneers ???? ??? ??????
???????	????? ??????????? History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom-related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology ??????? ?????? ?????????? Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power
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