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هذه مقالةٌ جيّدةٌ، وتعد من أجود محتويات ويكيبيديا. انقر هنا للمزيد من المعلومات.
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??????? 1856-1873
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????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

???? ?????? (1856?1873) ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ≪ ???? ?? ???-???? ≫ ( ???????? : s-杜文秀起?) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ≪ ?????? ≫ ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ≪???? ???≫ ??????? ? [1] ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???. [2]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??????.

????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???. [3] ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 1853 ?. ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? 1845 ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. [4]

?? ??? 1856 ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. [5] [6] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? . [6] [7]

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????. [8] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. [9] ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????. [10]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? [11] ??? 1856 ? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 3,000 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [12] ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????. [13] ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. [14]

??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? 200 ???. [15] [16] ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????: ≪ ???? ????? ???? ????: ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????. [17] ≫ ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. [18] [19]

?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? [20] [21] ???????? ?? ?????? ????. [22] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????. [23] ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? [24] ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ≪????? ????????≫ ??? ????? ???? ???????. [25]

????? ?????? ??? ??? 1873 ?. [26] ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? [27] [28] ????? ??? ??? ????????? [29] ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. [30]

??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????. [31] ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????. [32]

???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????:

??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [35]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ?? ?????
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????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????

??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1856 ? (?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1872 ?)? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????.

???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ( ???????? : 平南?) ????? ≪?????? ???????? ????????≫? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? (??? ???? ???? ???) ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? (?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????) ???? ??? ??? ??? 1856 ? 26   ??????1872. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1860 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? 1860-1868 ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? 40 ???? ?100 ????. [36]

???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 1857? 1861? 1863? 1868. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1862 ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? 1863 ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.

?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1868 ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? 1871 ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????. [37] ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? 1868. [38] ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1855 ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????.

?? ??? 1872 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. [39] ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????. [37] ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? 1873 ?.

??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? [37] ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [45] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? [46] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. [47]

?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ≪??≫. [53] ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 1873 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??-??-??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? 1875?? ?????? ????? ???????. [54] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 10-15 ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? .

??? ?????? ??? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????. [49] [53] ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. [55]

??? ?????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

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????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

  • Garnaut? Anthony (2008)? From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals (PDF) ? Etudes orientales N°25? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-27 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-14
  • "Contemporary Review"? Religious toleration in China ? ?. vol.86? ????? 1904 {{ ??????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  • Holmes Agnew? John? Hilliard Bidwell? Walter (1900)? Eclectic Magazine ? Leavitt, Throw and Co.? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-12-14 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-28
  • Littell? Eliakim? Littell? Robert S. (22 ?????? 1900)? "The Living Age" ? Making of America Project ? The Living Age Co. Inc.? ?. vol.225? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-14 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-28 {{ ??????? }} : |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  • 王?翰 (2010)? 中?民族史 [ Han Chinese National History ]? GWculture.net? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-12 ? ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-28 (????????)

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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