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	?? ?????? ; 15 ?????? 2014 ? 18 ?????? 2016
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	?? ?????? ; 11 ????? 2008 ? 9 ?????? 2009
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	???? ?? 2016
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ???? (?????? 1945 ) ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? 73 (2014-2016) ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? . ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1983 ?????? ??? 2000 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? 14 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? .

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?? 13 ???? 1945 ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? . ^[3] ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? . ^[1] ?? ????? ????????? ^[4] ????????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[1]

??? 1982? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? . ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ^[1]

????? ???? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? 1996 ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 2000 ? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? 2005 ? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 2009 ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????: ????? ????? ??? ???? ^[5]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? 11 ????? 2008 ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? 9 ?????? 2009 .

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????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ^[6] ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[7] ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[8] ???? ??? ?? 6 ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ^[9] ??? ?? ??? ??? 124 ??? ?? ??? 128 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ^[10]? ?? 15 ?????? 2014 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 24 ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ≪ ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ≫ .

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???? ???????? ??? ???? 2015 [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ^[12] ????? ?? 7 ???? ??? ???? 2015? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ≪???????? ????????≫. ^[13]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????... ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-24 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2012-05-12 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "???? ????? ?????? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-19 .
^ ????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-28 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 2014-07-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
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]}
^ ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2014-06-22 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 2013-05-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-16 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?????.. ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-16 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? "??? ?????" ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-05-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ http://echobeirut.com/news.php?action=show&id=15691 ???? ?????? 2016-03-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ???? ???????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "???? ????: ????? ????? "???????? ????????" " . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-12 .

???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[emarat-1] ? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????... ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? 2015-09-24 ?? Wayback Machine

[2] ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2012-05-12 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] "???? ????? ?????? ????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-19 .

[4] ????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-28 ?? Wayback Machine

[5] ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 2014-07-23 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[6] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? 2014-06-22 ?? Wayback Machine

[7] ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 2013-05-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-16 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] ?????.. ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-16 ?? Wayback Machine

[10] ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? "??? ?????" ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-05-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[11] ttp://echobeirut.com/news.php?action=show&id=15691 ???? ?????? 2016-03-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] ???? ???????? ???? ?????? 2017-12-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[13] "???? ????: ????? ????? "???????? ????????" " . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-12 .

[1]

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???? ??????

? ? ? ????? ????? ????? ☆
???????? ??????? ??? ????? (1918 - 1943)	?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 1926 ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????
????? (??? 1943)	??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? * ????? ??? * ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
☆ ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. * ?? ????? ??? 1988? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? .