???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???: ??????????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? . ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????.

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??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? . ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ^[1] ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? "???? ?????" ???? ??????? ???????? ?????. ^{[2] [3]}

??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????. ^[4] ?? ???? ????? ??? 1978 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? "?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????" ?? ??????. ^[5] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1938. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ^[5] ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? " ????? ???????? " ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? . ^[6] ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? "????? ????????" ??? ???? ??? ??? 2002 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? . ????? ????? . ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. ^{[6] [7]} ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? . ^[8]

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????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? "??????? ????????" ??????? ??? "?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????". ^[9] ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? . ^{[4] [7]}

??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????. ^[4] ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? (???????? ??? ???? ??????) ? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. ^{[4] [6] [8]}

????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??? "????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????" ???? "????? ????? ????? ???? ????" ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ^[6] ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ^[4]

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????? ???? ?? ?????? [ ??? ]

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• Cartwright? Nancy (1999). The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN : 978-0-521-64411-2 .
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• Fodor? J. A. (?????? 1974). "Special Sciences (Or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis)". Synthese . ?. 28 ?. 2: 97?115. JSTOR : 20114958 .
• Harding? Sandra (2015). Objectivity and Diversity: Another Logic of Scientific Research . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN : 978-0-226-24153-1 .
• Kellert? Stephen H.? Longino? Helen E.? Waters? C. Kenneth? ???????? (2006). Scientific Pluralism . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN : 978-0-8166-4763-7 .
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• Ruphy? Stephanie (2016). Scientific Pluralism Reconsidered: A New Approach to the (Dis)Unity of Science . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN : 978-0-8229-4458-4 .
• . ?. 3?16. {{ ??????? ???????? ????? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

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