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???? ?????? - Master Shot
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???? ????? ?? ????? - Bridging Shot
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???? ????? - Close Up
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???? ????? ???? - Extreme Close-UP
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???? ?????? - Medium Shot
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???? ???????? - Cowboy Shot
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???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????.
???? ??????? ?????? - Deep Focus
[
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]
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????.
???? ????? ????? - Dolly Zoom
[
???
]
???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? (???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????). ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????: ≪??????? ???? ??? ????≫.
???? ????????? - Dutch Tilt
[
???
]
????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????.
???? ??????? ?????? ????? - Handheld Shot
[
???
]
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
???? ?? ????? ?????? - Low Angle Shot
[
???
]
??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????.
???? ?? ????? ?????? - High Angle Shot
[
???
]
?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
???? ???????? - Locked-Down Shot
[
???
]
???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.
???? ??????? - Library Shot
[
???
]
???? ?? ??????? ?????? (???. ????? ??????) - ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
???? ?????? ?????? - Matte Shot
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???
]
????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????.
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? - Money Shot
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???
]
??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????.
???? ??? ?? ??? - Pan Shot
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???
]
?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? pan ?????? ????? panning ?? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
???? ?? ???? ??? - POV shot
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???
]
???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????.
???? ??????? - The Sequence Shot
[
???
]
??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.
???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? - Steadicam Shot
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???
]
??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????? - Top Shot
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]
???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? (??? ??????).
???? ???? - Tracking Shot
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]
???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ?? ???? - Two-Shot
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]
???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????.
???? ??? ????? - Whip Pan
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]
???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????.
???? ??? ??????? - Zoom
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]
???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.
???? ????? - Crane Shot
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???
]
???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.
???? ?? ????? - Tilt shot
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]
??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????.
?????? ????
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??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ≪?? ????????≫. ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
????? ?? ??? ???????
.
??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.
?????? ???? ??????
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?????? ??????: ???? ??????
???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? 24 ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? (NTSC) ???? 30 ?????? ?? ??????? (???????? 29.97)? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? (PAL) ???? 25 ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? 24 ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 10 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (24 ????) ?? ????? ?????.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (???? ?????) ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? 96 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 24 ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? 4 ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????.
?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ≪???? ?????≫ (18 ???? ?? ???????) ????? ??? ?? ≪???? ?????≫ (24 ???? ?? ???????) ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????.
????? ≪?????≫ ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? 60 ???? ??? ????? ??? 24 ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? (24 ???? ??? ?????) ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? (The Matrix) ????? ??? (???) ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? (???) ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
??? ???? ≪????? ???? ???????????? ????≫ -???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????- ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? (???? ???????). ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.
??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1895?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????-????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.
???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1896?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (Escamotage d'un dame chez Robert-Houdin ?????? ????????)? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? (stop motion) ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.
??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
??????? ??????? (?????)
[
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]
??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? (?????) ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? (???? ?????? ????) ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1898 ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? 1900? ???? ???? ???? ≪??????? ????????≫ 1898 ?? ?????? ??:
????:?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? (??? ??????/ ??? ??????) ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? 1898.
????
???? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? La Caverne maudite ≪??? ????????≫ ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1898? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? Un Homme de tetes (??????? ??????? ????????) ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????.
?????? ???? ????
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??? ?. ?. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????* ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? (?????????) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????* ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1901. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ≪?????≫? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????.
?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ≪????? ???????≫? ?????? ?????? ???? ≪????? ?????≫? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? 1900? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.
??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? 1900 ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ≪??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????≫ 1899? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? 16 ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?≪????? ????????≫ 1901? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? 16 ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????≪???? ???????≫.
???? ?????
[
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]
???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????:
- ???? ??????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????????
- ???? ???????? ????? ?????
??????
- ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????
- ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????
?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? (???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????) ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? DPs. ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? DPO ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????.
????? ??????? (????????) ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????: ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? (????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????)? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (???? ????????? ??????)? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????.
??????? ?????????
[
???
]
?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? (??? ?????? ??? ????). ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.
??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????.
?? ??????? ??? 1919? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? (??? ???? ??????) ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? (ASC)? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.
???? ?????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Spencer, D A (1973). The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies. Focal Press. p. 454.
ISBN 978-0133227192
.
- ^
Clegg, Brian (2007). The Man Who Stopped Time. Joseph Henry Press.
ISBN 978-0-309-10112-7
.
- ^
Landecker, Hannah (2006). "Microcinematography and the History of Science and Film". Isis.
- ^
Moore, Harris C. (1949). "Production Problems: Cinematography".Journal of The University Film Producers Association.
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