?????

????? ( ???????? ??????? : 蹴鞠) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ^[1] ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ^[2]? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? . ^[3]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ? (?? ???? ???? ??? ????? Q') ??? ??? ???? ?? Qian's ????' ???? (??? ???? ???? ??)? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ^[4] ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? (476-221 ??? ???????). ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[4]

???? ??? ???? ??? (206 ? ? ??? 220 ?) ? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ^[5] ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ≪??≫ ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????.

15th ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.

?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (618-907). ^[6] ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????: ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ^[7] ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ^[7] ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? 17 ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ^[7]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? (960-1279) ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????: ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????)? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

??? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

?????????? Yongle (r. 1402-1424 ?) ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????: ≪???? ??? ????≫ ?≪??? ??≫.

≪??? ????≫ ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 12-16 ?????? ?? ?? ????.

≪??? ??≫ ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? 10. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????.

???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? (1368-1644) ???? ???????? ?2?000 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????.

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ≪?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???.≫ ^[8] ?????? ?????? ????? ≪??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????≫ ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1900. ?"??????? ?????? ???? ?????" (????? ??? ????? ??????)? ??? ?? ??? 1924? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 1931. ^[8]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???? ???? TVB ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????.
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????.

???? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????

??????? [ ??? ]

^ FIFA.com. "Welcome to FIFA.com News - From the pitch to the canvas - FIFA.com" . www.fifa.com (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-11 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .
^ FIFA.com. "Welcome to FIFA.com News - Old Shandong embark on new game - FIFA.com" . www.fifa.com (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-03 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .
^ Barr, Adam. "History of Football: Cuju" . Bleacher Report (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-01-29 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .
^ ^? ^? ??????? (1999)? 32.
^ HISTORY TV Nederland ???? ?????? 2020-09-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ The history of chocolate in 120 seconds ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ ^? ^? ^? ??? 172.
^ ^? ^? "Host Country: China" . FIFA.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-06-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-10 .

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? (2002). ????? ?? ????? ??????: ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503356-6 .
????? ??????? (1999). ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????: ???????? ???????. ???? 0419220305

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? 2004

????:Team Sport

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ?????

[1] FIFA.com. "Welcome to FIFA.com News - From the pitch to the canvas - FIFA.com" . www.fifa.com (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-11 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .

[2] FIFA.com. "Welcome to FIFA.com News - Old Shandong embark on new game - FIFA.com" . www.fifa.com (??????????? ??????????). Archived from the original on 2020-09-03 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .

[3] Barr, Adam. "History of Football: Cuju" . Bleacher Report (???????????). Archived from the original on 2021-01-29 . Retrieved 2021-03-29 .

[riordan-4] ? ^? ??????? (1999)? 32.

[5] HISTORY TV Nederland ???? ?????? 2020-09-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] The history of chocolate in 120 seconds ^{[
???? ??????
]} "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[Benn_172-7] ? ^? ^? ??? 172.

[fifa-8] ? ^? "Host Country: China" . FIFA.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-06-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-03-10 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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