????? (??? ?????)

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

??????? ?? ??? ????? ( ??????????? : Dredge-up )? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? .

???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? : ?????? ??? ??????? ????????-12 ????????-13 ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? .

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? 4-8 ??? ????? . ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????-????????-?????? . [1] ?????? ???? 4 He ? 14 N, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? 12 C ? 16 O ????? . [2]

??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (s-process) ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? . [2]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Lambert? D. L. (1992). "Observational Effects of Nucleosynthesis in Evolved Stars". Elements and the Cosmos . University of Cambridge. ?.  92 ?109. ISBN : 0-521-41475-X . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ?????? ??? ??????? |????????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  2. ^ ? ? Kwok? Sun (2000). The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae . Cambridge University Press. ?.  199 . ISBN : 0-521-62313-8 .
أيقونة بذرة

??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_(???_?????)&oldid=60731064 ≫