????? ?????????

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	??????? ??????? ; ??? ????????
???????	1980
??????? ??????	?? ??? ?????

?? ??? ????????? ( ??????????? : Transhumanism )? (????? ?????? ? >H ?? H+ ) ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4]

???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ^[5] ??????? ??? ????????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ^[6]

??????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? : ????? ???? ???????? (???? ?????? ????? ??????) ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? : ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? (???? ?????? ??????????? ≪?????? ??? ???????≫)? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???

??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????

????? [ ??? ]

????? ?? ??? ?????????: [ ??? ]

????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ^[7]

????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? . ^[8] ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? "??????????" ???? "????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????" ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? . ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? . ^[13]^[14] ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? " ?????? ??? ??????? " (1637) ? ????? ?????? . ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ^[15]

?? ?????? ?????? ?????? " ??????? ???????? " (1793)? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? " ?????? ??????? " (????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ). ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? " ???? ???? "? ???? ????? ????? (????? ??????) ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1799? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? "???? ????" ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? " ?????????? ". ^[16]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????: https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/08/PERRAGIN/58988 . ??????: 18 ????? 2018.
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-24.
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? sf-encyclopedia.com" . sf-encyclopedia.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-20.
^ "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? jstor.org" . jstor.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-29.
^ "We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge" . web.archive.org . 6 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-06-28 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ "Nick Bostrom" (PDF) . Wikipedia (???????????). 23 Jun 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-18.
^ "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies" . Wikipedia (???????????). 19 Aug 2023.
^ "Bioethics and Transhumanism | The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine | Oxford Academic" . web.archive.org . 7 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Harrison? Peter? Wolyniak? Joseph (1 ????? 2015). "History of 'transhumanism'" . Notes and Queries . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-28.
^ "Trasumanar (neologism)" . danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .
^ "Paradiso 1 ? Digital Dante" . digitaldante.columbia.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .
^ "BioEdge: Was Dante a transhumanist?" . web.archive.org . 24 ????? 2021. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .
^ Bainbridge, William Sims (20 Oct 2011). Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook (???????????). SAGE Publications. ISBN : 978-1-4522-6652-7 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-23.
^ Manzocco, Roberto (11 Mar 2019). Transhumanism - Engineering the Human Condition: History, Philosophy and Current Status (???????????). Springer. ISBN : 978-3-030-04958-4 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-23.
^ Mirkes? Renee (2019-02). "Transhumanist Medicine: Can We Direct Its Power to the Service of Human Dignity?" . The Linacre Quarterly . ?. 86 ?. 1: 115?126. DOI : 10.1177/0024363919838134 . ISSN : 0024-3639 . PMC : 6537347 . PMID : 32431394 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-17. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )
^ "Godwin, William (1756 - 1836) | Introduction: Gothic Literature" . web.archive.org . 28 ????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ?????????

[0e5e385a62b3720c3f2552b42d3da1df2841a93b-1] ???? ????: https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/08/PERRAGIN/58988 . ??????: 18 ????? 2018.

[2] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? britannica.com" . britannica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-24.

[3] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? sf-encyclopedia.com" . sf-encyclopedia.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-20.

[4] "??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? jstor.org" . jstor.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-29.

[5] "We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge" . web.archive.org . 6 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-06-28 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[6] "Nick Bostrom" (PDF) . Wikipedia (???????????). 23 Jun 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-18.

[7] "Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies" . Wikipedia (???????????). 19 Aug 2023.

[8] "Bioethics and Transhumanism | The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine | Oxford Academic" . web.archive.org . 7 ?????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[9] Harrison? Peter? Wolyniak? Joseph (1 ????? 2015). "History of 'transhumanism'" . Notes and Queries . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-28.

[10] "Trasumanar (neologism)" . danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .

[11] "Paradiso 1 ? Digital Dante" . digitaldante.columbia.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-07-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .

[12] "BioEdge: Was Dante a transhumanist?" . web.archive.org . 24 ????? 2021. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 .

[13] Bainbridge, William Sims (20 Oct 2011). Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook (???????????). SAGE Publications. ISBN : 978-1-4522-6652-7 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-23.

[14] Manzocco, Roberto (11 Mar 2019). Transhumanism - Engineering the Human Condition: History, Philosophy and Current Status (???????????). Springer. ISBN : 978-3-030-04958-4 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-23.

[15] Mirkes? Renee (2019-02). "Transhumanist Medicine: Can We Direct Its Power to the Service of Human Dignity?" . The Linacre Quarterly . ?. 86 ?. 1: 115?126. DOI : 10.1177/0024363919838134 . ISSN : 0024-3639 . PMC : 6537347 . PMID : 32431394 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-11-17. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |?????= ( ?????? )

[16] "Godwin, William (1756 - 1836) | Introduction: Gothic Literature" . web.archive.org . 28 ????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-08-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-10-23 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

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