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? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1968.
??????
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?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????
????????
?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1502.
[1]
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???????
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????? ???
.
?????????? ?????????? (1507-1513)
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??? ???? 1507 ?1513. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????.
?????????? ?????????? 1415-1543 ?? ??? ?. ???? ?????? (??????)
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[2]
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???? ????????
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[3]
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[4]
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??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? (1598-1710)
[
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??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??
???? ????? ??????? ?????????
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(VOC).
????? ??????? ????? ????????.
???? ???????? ?????????
(1638-1710) ???
??????? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.
??? ??????? ??? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 1601
??? ????? ??
Het Tweede Boeck
???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1598? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??????
(2) ?????? ???? ?????? (5)? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? 1598
??? ?????? ?? ????????
?? ??? 1598 ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??
?????? ??????
? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
??????
? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? 17 ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ?? 20 ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ≪???? ?? ??????≫ (??????? ???? ???? ≪????? ????≫). ????? ?????? ????? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ??? ?????????≫? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (??????
?????????
: ????????) ?? ????? ?????
?????????
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? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ≪????????≫. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? 2 ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ??? ??????≫ ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
[5]
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? 1606? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
???? ????
?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 11 ????? ?1357 ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ≪???? ????????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????.
[6]
??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????.
?? ??? 1615? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????
???????
? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????.
??? ?????????
????????
?? ??? 1638 ?????? ?? ??? 1710? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? 1658 ?1666. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1710.
?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ≪????????≫ ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? 1638 ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ??? 1639? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ??????? ??? Gooyer ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??? ???????
. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? 105 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????.
[7]
???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????.
?? ??? 1644? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? 95 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? 1645? ??? ?????? 108 ?? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? 1648 ??? ???? ?????? ???.
?? ??? 1652? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 1657. ?? 16 ????? 1658? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????.
[8]
????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???.
?? ??? 1664? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????.
?? ??? 1666 ??? ??? 1669? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 1672? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????.
???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1677. ??? ???????? ??? ??? 1692? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1692. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1710.
?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????:
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????? ??????? (1710-1810)
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????? ?????? ???? ???? 1791 ???? ???????? (???? ???? ????? ???? ??? "????? ?????").
???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? (???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????)
??? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1715 ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ≪????? ?????≫? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? 1721 ???. ??? ???? ??? ?? 1735? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ≪????? ?????≫ ??????? ???? ????.
??? ???? ?? ?? ????????
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???? ????? ??????? ????????
???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1767.
?? 1806 ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1810? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????
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? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.
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????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 1810 ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1810? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? 1809. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1814? ?? ??????? ?? ≪????? ?????≫ ???? ????? ???????
????????
??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????
??????
. ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ????????? (1810-1968)
[
???
]
????? ????? ???? (1810)
????? ?????? ??????
??? ??????? ??
????????
? ????? 1900
??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???? ???? ???????) ?????? ????? ???? ?? 19 ?20 ????? 1810 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? 3 ?????? 1810 ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????
?????? ??????
?????? ????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????
?????? ????? (1814)
. ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???
????? ???????
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????? ????????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????????.
??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? 1 ?????? 1835. ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.
??? ????? ???? ??????? ????
?????? ?? ??? 1879 ??? ??? 1883.
????
??????? ???????????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ?????
????????
?? 1 ?????? 1835? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
????? ?????????
? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
???????
?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????.
????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???
???????? ???
??
??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1835 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????
??????
(????? 17% ?? ??????) ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????.
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ≪????≫.
[9]
??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????
??????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??
????????
??? ????
???????
??????
.
???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????) ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1936 ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.
?? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????
???????? ????????
??????? ?? ??? 1934.
[10]
???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
[11]
?? ????? ????? ???
??? ????????
?? ??? 1943. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 1000 ??? ?? (????? ??????) ?? ?????? 1943 ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
???? ?????
??
????? ?????? ???
1942. ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? 300 ???? ??
???? ????? ????? ????????
? ??? ?????? 500 ????? ??? 6 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? 1946
[12]
???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? 2000 ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????
[13]
????????? (1968)
[
???
]
??? ????????
(1968)
???? ???????? ??? 1947 ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????.
?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? 1961? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? 1967? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.
?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????. ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ??? 15 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????. ???? ???
???????? ????????
? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? 12 ???? 1968. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? 300 ???.
[14]
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
????? ????? ????????? ?? 12 ???? 1968 ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? 1968. ???
?????? ?????????
?
???????? ??????
?
???? ??????
?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????
????? ??? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1968.
?? ??? 1969? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 5. ??? ??? 1982? ??? ???
???????? ????????
?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1982? ??? ??????
?????? ??????????? ??????????? / ????? ????????? ??????????
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1983? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ?????????? ???????????
? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? 1991? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.
????? ??????? ???????? ?? 12 ???? 1992. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???
???? ?????????
.
??????? (1992)
[
???
]
?? ?????? 1991? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?? 12 ???? ??? 1992? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????
??????
. ????
????? ?????
?? 30 ????? 1992.
??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? 1995? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 13 ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1997? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????.
?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? 2000? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 3 ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? 2005? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? 2010 ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? 2014 ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2016 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????.
???? ????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Toorawa, S. 2007.
The medieval Waqwaq islands and the Mascarenes
. Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, Mauritius
- ^
Albert Pitot,
T’Eyland Mauritius, Esquisses Historiques (1598?1710)
1905, p. 4.
- ^
Jacques Auber,
Histoire de l’ocean Indien
, 1955, p. 233
- ^
Auguste Toussaint
attributes the discovery of Mauritius to Mascarenhas whereas Albert Pitot hesitates to do so. Andre de Chapuiset Le Merle in his "Precis d’histoire de l’ile Maurice", 1948, states that it is really Pedro de Mascarenhas and not Pedro Mascarenhas, who went to India only in 1554.
- ^
Charles John Smythe Pioneer, Premier and Administrator of Natal Daphne Child Publisher : C.Struik (Pty)ltd 1973
- ^
Auguste Toussaint
,
Histoire des iles Mascareignes
, p. 24
- ^
Dr A. Satteeanund Peerthum, Resistance Aga
Slavery, 1989, in
Slavery in the South West Indian Ocean
, MGI, p. 25
- ^
Albert Pitot,
T’Eyland Mauritius, Esquisses Historiques (1598?1710)
1905, p. 116
- ^
Khal Torabully,
Coolitude : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora
(with Marina Carter, Anthem Press, London, 2002)
- ^
Mauritius Territorial Force Regulations, 1934: Amazon.co.uk: Island of Mauritius Mauritius Territorial Force: Books
???? ??????
2020-01-10 ??
Wayback Machine
- ^
p. 325 Jackson, Ashley
The British Empire and the Second World War
, A&C Black, 9 Mar 2006
- ^
pp. 121-122 Killingray, David & Plaut, Martin
Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War
Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2012
- ^
p.325 Jackson
- ^
"Archived copy"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2007-08-31
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-08-31
.
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