????? ?????

??????? ????
???????	?????
??? ?????	?????

??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (?? ??? ??). ?? ??? 1557? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? 500 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 1887? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1842? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ≪?????? ??????? ????????≫ ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1862? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1887? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????. ^[1] ?? ??? 1999? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 4,000 ?6,000 ???? ????? ??? ??? 5,000 ??? ?? ????? ??????.

?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (221 - 206 ??? ???????)? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? . ^[2]^[3]^[4] ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ^[5] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? (265 - 420 ??? ???????) ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????. ^[6]

??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 1152? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (960 - 1279 ??? ???????)? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[2]^[7]^[8] ?? ??? 1277? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 50,000 ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[9]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ??????). ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (1368- 1644 ??? ???????) ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???-?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? . ^[9]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 1510? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1511? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????) ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1513 ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? 1516? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???.

?? ??? 1517? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????.

?? ???? 1521 ?1522? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1549. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ^[10]

????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1554. ?? ??? 1557? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1558? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.

??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? 1557 ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 500 ???? (??? 20 ?????????? ?? 44 ?????) ?? ?????. ^[11] ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1573. ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ?? ??? 1582 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? 1863 ?????? ?? ?????. ^[12]

?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????. ^[13] ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????. ^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Robert Nield, "Treaty Ports and Other Foreign Stations in China", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 50, (2010), p. 127.
^ ^? ^? "Macau history in Macau Encyclopedia" (????????). Macau Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 ?????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 ????? 2008 .
^ "15: History" (PDF) . Government Information Bureau of the MSAR. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-06-07. Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty) unified China in 221BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (AD265-420), then Nanhai County during the Sui Dynasty (AD581-618), and Dongguan County in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-907). In 1152, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.
^ Minahan? James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia . ?? ?? ??-???? . ?. 169. ISBN : 978-1610690188 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-03.
^ Hao 2011 ? ???? 15.
^ Macao Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures . IBP. Inc. 2015. ?. 32. ISBN : 9781514517277 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-03.
^ "15: History" (PDF) . Government Information Bureau of the MSAR. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-06-07. Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty) unified China in 221BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (AD265-420), then Nanhai County during the Sui Dynasty (AD581-618), and Dongguan County in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-907). In 1152, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.
^ Macao Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures . IBP. Inc. 2015. ?. 32. ISBN : 9781514517277 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-08.
^ ^? ^? Background Notes, Macau . Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1994. ?. 2. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-22 .
^ Ptak? Roderich (1992)? "Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao" ? Mare Liberum, Revista de Historia dos Mares ? Lisbon? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-03
^ Fung, Bong Yin (1999). Macau: a General Introduction (????????). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd. ISBN : 962-04-1642-2 .
^ Joseph Timothy Haydn (1885). Dictionary of dates, and universal reference. [With] (?. 18). ?. 522. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-04 . MACAO (in Quang-tong, S. China) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 (in return for their assistance against pirates), subject to an annual tribute, which was remitted in 1863. Here Camoens composed part of the " Lusiad." (Oxford University)
^ Indiana University Charles Ralph Boxer (1948). Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550?1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao . M. Nijhoff. ?. 224. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Some of these wants and strays found themselves in queer company and places in the course of their enforced sojourn in the Portuguese colonial empire. The Ming Shih's complain that the Portuguese kidnapped not only coolie or Tanka children but even those of educated persons, to their piratical lairs at Lintin and Castle Peak, is borne out by the fate of Barros' Chinese slave already
^ Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 53. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Wu Li, like Bocarro, noted the presence in Macao both of black slaves and of non-Han Chinese such as the Tanka boat people, and in the third poem of his sequence he combines references to these two groups: Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn.
^ Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 54. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish ... The second half of the poem unfolds a scene of Tanka boat people bringing in fish to supply the needs of fasting Christians.
^ Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 141. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . 3 Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn. Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish.
^ Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 53. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . The residents Wu Li strives to reassure (in the third line of this poem) consisted ? at least in 1635 when Antonio Bocarro, Chronicler-in-Chief of the State of India, wrote his detailed account of Macao (without actually having visited there) ? of some 850 Portuguese families with "on the average about six slaves capable of bearing arms, amongst whom the majority and the best are negroes and such like," as well as a like number of "native families, including Chinese Christians ... who form the majority [of the non-Portuguese residents] and other nations, all Christians." 146 (Bocarro may have been mistaken in declaring that all the Chinese in Macao were Christians.)

????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Robert Nield, "Treaty Ports and Other Foreign Stations in China", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 50, (2010), p. 127.

[Macau_history_in_Macau_encyclopaedia-2] ? ^? "Macau history in Macau Encyclopedia" (????????). Macau Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 ?????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 ????? 2008 .

[Macau-yearbook-3] "15: History" (PDF) . Government Information Bureau of the MSAR. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-06-07. Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty) unified China in 221BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (AD265-420), then Nanhai County during the Sui Dynasty (AD581-618), and Dongguan County in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-907). In 1152, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.

[ethnic-encyclopedia-4] Minahan? James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia . ?? ?? ??-???? . ?. 169. ISBN : 978-1610690188 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-03.

[5] Hao 2011 ? ???? 15.

[handbook-6] Macao Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures . IBP. Inc. 2015. ?. 32. ISBN : 9781514517277 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-03.

[Macau-yearbook2-7] "15: History" (PDF) . Government Information Bureau of the MSAR. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2020-06-07. Historical records show that Macao has been Chinese territory since long ago. When Qinshihuang (the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty) unified China in 221BC, Macao came under the jurisdiction of Panyu County, Nanhai Prefecture. Administratively, it was part of Dongguan Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (AD265-420), then Nanhai County during the Sui Dynasty (AD581-618), and Dongguan County in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-907). In 1152, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the Guangdong administration joined the coastal areas of Nanhai, Panyu, Xinhui and Dongguan Counties to establish Xiangshan County, thus bringing Macao under its jurisdiction.

[handbook2-8] Macao Electoral, Political Parties Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information, Regulations, Procedures . IBP. Inc. 2015. ?. 32. ISBN : 9781514517277 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-08.

[Brief_History_of_Macau-9] ? ^? Background Notes, Macau . Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1994. ?. 2. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-07-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-22 .

[10] Ptak? Roderich (1992)? "Early Sino-Portuguese relations up to the Foundation of Macao" ? Mare Liberum, Revista de Historia dos Mares ? Lisbon? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-03

[Macau_a_General_Introduction-11] Fung, Bong Yin (1999). Macau: a General Introduction (????????). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd. ISBN : 962-04-1642-2 .

[12] Joseph Timothy Haydn (1885). Dictionary of dates, and universal reference. [With] (?. 18). ?. 522. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-06-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-04 . MACAO (in Quang-tong, S. China) was given to the Portuguese as a commercial station in 1586 (in return for their assistance against pirates), subject to an annual tribute, which was remitted in 1863. Here Camoens composed part of the " Lusiad." (Oxford University)

[13] Indiana University Charles Ralph Boxer (1948). Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550?1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao . M. Nijhoff. ?. 224. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Some of these wants and strays found themselves in queer company and places in the course of their enforced sojourn in the Portuguese colonial empire. The Ming Shih's complain that the Portuguese kidnapped not only coolie or Tanka children but even those of educated persons, to their piratical lairs at Lintin and Castle Peak, is borne out by the fate of Barros' Chinese slave already

[14] Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 53. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Wu Li, like Bocarro, noted the presence in Macao both of black slaves and of non-Han Chinese such as the Tanka boat people, and in the third poem of his sequence he combines references to these two groups: Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn.

[15] Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 54. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish ... The second half of the poem unfolds a scene of Tanka boat people bringing in fish to supply the needs of fasting Christians.

[16] Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 141. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . 3 Yellow sand, whitewashed houses: here the black men live; willows at the gates like sedge, still not sparse in autumn. Midnight's when the Tanka come and make their harbor here; fasting kitchens for noonday meals have plenty of fresh fish.

[17] Jonathan Chaves (1993). Singing of the source: nature and god in the poetry of the Chinese painter Wu Li (?. illustrated). University of Hawaii Press. ?. 53. ISBN : 0-8248-1485-1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-03-01 . The residents Wu Li strives to reassure (in the third line of this poem) consisted ? at least in 1635 when Antonio Bocarro, Chronicler-in-Chief of the State of India, wrote his detailed account of Macao (without actually having visited there) ? of some 850 Portuguese families with "on the average about six slaves capable of bearing arms, amongst whom the majority and the best are negroes and such like," as well as a like number of "native families, including Chinese Christians ... who form the majority [of the non-Portuguese residents] and other nations, all Christians." 146 (Bocarro may have been mistaken in declaring that all the Chinese in Macao were Christians.)

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