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[1]
???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (WFTU) ?? ??? 1945 ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
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[2]
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[4]
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[5]
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???????
????? ?? 1956 ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??
????? ??????? ????????
?????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? 1956 ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????.
?????? ??????? ???? 1956
[
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]
???? ?????? ??????? ???? 1956 ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.
[6]
????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
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[7]
???? ???? 1968
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????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????????. ?? 20 ????? 1968? ??? ?????? ????????
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[8]
?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????-???????-?????????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????.
[9]
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(?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
????? ???????
??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????-?????????? (GfDSF) 13000 ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1953 ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????.
[10]
???? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? 1950-1951 ????? ??? ????? ?????????. ????? ??? 1952? ???? ??????? ????????? 54 ≪?????? ??????≫? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 155 ≪????? ?????≫? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????.
[11]
?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ≪????? ??????≫.
[12]
???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
[
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?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1949? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? 1950-1953? ??????
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??????
? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????.
[13]
??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1953? ????? ???????? ?? ????? - ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????
?????? ???????
??? ????? ?? ≪???? ???????≫ ?????? ??
?????????
?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????.
[14]
???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? 1960. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.
[15]
??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ≪?????? ??????? ??????≫ ?? 1957-1961 ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
[16]
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? 1958 ?1961 ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? 1953 ?1983? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????: ≪?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????. […] ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????≫.
[17]
???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ≪
?????? ????????
≫ (1966-1969).
[18]
????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????
[
???
]
?? ?????
????? ???????? ???????
? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??
??????? ?????????
?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???
?????????
????? ?????. ??
???????? ???????
? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????-?????? ????? ??? ??
?????
???? ?????.
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Malcolm Kennedy, History of Communism in East Asia (Praeger Publishers, 1957) p 126
- ^
Anthony Carew, "The Schism within the World Federation of Trade Unions: Government and Trade-Union Diplomacy," International Review of Social History, Dec 1984, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp 297-335
- ^
Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953 (2004) pp 3ff
- ^
John Lewis Gaddis, A New History of the Cold War (2006)
- ^
Yoram Gorlizki, and Oleg Khlevniuk. Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953 (2004) online edition
- ^
Erwin Schmidl, et al. The Hungarian Revolution 1956 (2006)
- ^
Brown, The Rise and Fall of Communism pp 278-92
- ^
Gunter Bischof et al., eds. (2010). The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^
Maude Bracke, Which Socialism, Whose Detente? West European Communism and the Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 (2009)
- ^
Patrick Major, The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945-1956 (Oxford University Press, 1997) p. 215
- ^
Major, The Death of the KPD: Communism and Anti-Communism in West Germany, 1945-1956 pp 217?18
- ^
Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (Oxford U.P., 1998) p. 162
- ^
Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. pp. 179?93.
ISBN 0-06-188548-7
.
- ^
John Gittings (2006). The Changing Face of China:From Mao to Market. Oxford U.P. p. 40.
- ^
Lorenz M. Luthi (2010). The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World. Princeton U.P.
- ^
Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. pp. 316?32.
ISBN 0-06-188548-7
.
- ^
Dwight Heald Perkins (1984). China's economic policy and performance during the Cultural Revolution and its aftermath. Harvard Institute for International Development,. p. 12.
- ^
Ezra F. Vogel (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 40?42.
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