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??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? (8000 ? ? - 3200 ? ?). ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????.

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??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? (aitho) ????? ???????? ??????? (opsis) ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? Aethiopia ( ?????? ????????? Α?θιοπ?α) ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ^[1]

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???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2011 ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 2005 ? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? . ^[8]

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?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????.

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??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? "???". ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? "???????"???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? "????? ?????? "? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? 650- 710 ? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? . ???? ????? " ?????? "??? ??? ??? ????? ????? "??? 1323 ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ≪??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????≫. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

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??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???:

1. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????.

2. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???.

3. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? .

4. ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? .

???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ???? ???????? ????). ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????.

?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? 1276 ?. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 1504 ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ≪???? ????≫. ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? 1504 ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ≪ ????? ????? ≫ ???? ???? ????? ≪ ??? ???? ???? ≫ ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? . ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ??????) ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1748 ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.

????? ?????? 1820 [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 1798 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? 1802 ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 1807 ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1811

1818? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1820 .

?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 1813 ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? 4 ??? ???? (???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????) ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????.

???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???: ????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????:

????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
???? ???????? ?? ???????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 1816 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1820? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? . ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

(?????? ??????) ????? ??? ???? ????? 1820 [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? 4500 ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ^[9]^[10] ??????? ???????? ?24 ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????). ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ?????? 1821 [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? (??????) ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? . ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????: ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? . ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 186 ??? ????? (????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 4500 ????) ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 13 ????? 1821 . ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1504 ? 1821? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ??????? - ???? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????: ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? . ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

????? ???? 16 ????? 1821? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? (??? ??? ???????? ?? ???) ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? 1822? .????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????.???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.

????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1822 [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? 35,000 ???? ??? 50,000 ???? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 1822 ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? (1000 ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? 4 ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ) ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? (?????) ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? (???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? 30,000 ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? 1824 ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? 1824 ??????? ????? ??. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? 60 ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 26-1838 ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? 6 ???????: ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? (??? ???? ?? ??????). ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? 1834 ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? 1843 ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? (??? ????) ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????.

??????? ???? ???? ????? (48-1854) [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1853 ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? . ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 1848 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? (??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???).

??????? ???? ???? ???? (54-1863) [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? (?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????). ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????) ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ??? 1857 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????.

??????? ???? ?????? (1863 - 1879) [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????) ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????)? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????).

??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? 1874 ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? 1877 . ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? 1879 ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 12 ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? 1844 ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (???? ???? ??? ??????) ?? 1861 ? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? 7 ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????.

??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? 1881 ?? ????? ???? ?????? 1298 ?? ????? ????? ????? 13 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????.

??????? ?????? ? ??? 1881 [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 17 ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????.

????? ???? ?????? 1881:- [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? 420 ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???? 1882:- [ ??? ]

???? ???????? 6100 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? 2 ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????.

???? [ ??? ]

??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 2 ?????? 1898? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? 11?000 ????? ????? 16?000 ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

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???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1938 ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? . ??? ??? 1955 ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ( ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????) ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 1955? ? ????? 4 ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???:

????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? .
????? ?????????.
????? ???? ???????.
????? ????? ???????.

?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????) ?????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? / ????? ?????? 1956? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (????? ????????? ?????) ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????????.

????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 19 ????? / ????? ?????? 1956 ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 12 ?????? / ????? ?????? 1956 ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? 25 ???? / ???? 1963 ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? / ???? 1999 ?. ^[11]

????? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????:

?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? .
?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?
?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? .

????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? (?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ) ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ^[12]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? .

???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[13]

????? ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 17 ?????? / ????? ?????? 1958 ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[14] ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????.

????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ^[15] ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??:

?????????? ??? ?????? (?? ?????? ?????)
?????? ???? ???? ????
????????? ???? ??? ????
????????? ??? ???? ???
????????? ???? ????? ???????
????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????
????????? ???? ???? ????
????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
????????? ??????? ?????? ?????

??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ^[16]

?????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? / ?? 1959 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[17] ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? - ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ^[18] ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? . ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????. ^[18] ??? ?? ????? ???? 17 ?????? (??? ??? ???? ????? ?????)? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 11 ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? .

????? ???????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? 1963? ? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? . ???? ??? ???? SANU (??????? ???????? ???????? ??????)? ^[19] ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? / ????? 1963 ?? ???? ????????? Anyanya (??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ) ^[20] ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? (????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????) ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????.

?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? / ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 30 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ^[17] ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????. ^[17]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? / ????? ????? 1964 ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????.

?????? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????: ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?? ??????)? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????. ^[21]

??? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? 29 ????? / ?? 1967 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? .

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? 1964 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? 25 ????? 1966 ?- ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????. ^[22]

?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1965? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????.

??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? / ????? ?????? 1967 ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ^[23]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? / ???? 1965 ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????: ??????? federation ????????? separation.

???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????: ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ? ??? ??? ?????????? .

??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????.

?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ≪??????? ?????≫? ?????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ?? ??????.

???? ????: ????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? 25 ???? / ???? 1969 ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???:

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (?? ????? ??? ???? ????)
???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1964 ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ^[24] ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (21) ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????:
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ??? (???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????)? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
??????? ????? ????? (???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????) ????? ??????? ???????
??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ????? ??? ???? (???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????) ????? ????? ???????
???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ^[25]^[26]

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ^[27]^[28] ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????-???? ??? ????? ????? ????- ???? ??????? ?????? ??.

???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????. ^[29] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???.

???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ^[30]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? (????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????) ?? 19 ????? / ???? 1970 ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? . ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ^{[
????? ?????
]}

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??????). ^[31]^[32] ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???).

????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ≪?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????≫. ^[33] ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ≪???? ???????≫? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ≪????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????≫. ^[34] ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? . ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????.

???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

??? ?????? / ???? 1980 ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ????? / ?????? 1983? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ≪???????≫ ?≪?????? ???????≫ ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? (???)? ????? ????? ?? ????? ≪??????? ????????≫ ?≪??????? ???????≫ ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 13 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? / ????? ??? ????????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? / ?????? 1969 ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ≪???????≫ ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[35] ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 3 ???? 1972 ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ^[36] ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? . ^[37] ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? . ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ^[38]^[39] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????.

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? 1983 ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ≪??????? ? 2≫? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[40] ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???.

????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? 6 ????? / ????? 1985 ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? / ????? ????? 1964 ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? / ????? 1986 ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ≪????? ????≫ ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??????.

?? ???? ??? ????? 6 ????? / ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? .

???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???

≪ "???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????"≫

. ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? .

????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ≪????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????≫? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? (????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????) ^[41] ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? 9 ????? / ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? 13 ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? . ^[42] ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? .

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ^[43]^[44]^[45] ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? (??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????) ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????.

???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? - ?? ???? ????????- ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ^[46] ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ^[47]

?????? ?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 1989 ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ????? ??????? ?????? (??? ???? ?????) ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????.

?? ????? 1999 ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? 2003 ? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (????????) ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 2011 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (????? ????? ?????) ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1984 ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ≪??? ??????≫.

??? ????? 1991 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ≪????? ?????????≫ ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1992? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???. ??? ???? 1992 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1993? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ≪????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ≪???????? ???????≫ ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2005 ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? 6 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????.

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 2011 . ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? 2005 .

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??? ?????? 9 ????? / ????? ?????? 2011 ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? / ???? ??? 2011 ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? - ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????- ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

?????????? ????????? ?????? (2010) [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?14 ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? (???? ????? 60%) ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? (?? ???? ?? ??? ???????) ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? - ????? ????????? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ Histories, book 2, chapters 29 and 146; book 3 chapter 17 Odyssey, book 1, lines 22?23; book 4, line 84
^ [1] ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-04-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Ancient Nile Civilization and Herodotus. notes/herod. by James A. Jones, Ph.D
^ Fadl Hassan The Arabs and the Sudan: From the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century (1967). Edinburgh U.P., 1967 - 298
^ ????? ????????- ???3??? ??????: ??? ???? ????????=????????=???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1891 - ? 257
^ ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????/??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mali country profile, p. 2.
^ Sudan referendum: what's being voted on and what will happen? The Telegraph. 8 January 2011
^ ???? ??? (1950). ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? . Dar al-ma??rif. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-30.
^ J. F. Ade (1 ????? 1997). Tarikh Afriqiya al'am: Al-Qarn at-tassi' acahr fi Afriqiya hatta thamaninatihi . UNESCO. ISBN : 978-92-3-601712-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-30.
^ "OAU After Twenty Years"; Pub. Praeger; ISBN 0-03-062473-8 ; (May 1984)
^ "??? ??????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-10.
^ Mansour Khalid:The government they deserve: the role of the elite in Sudan's political evolution Kegan Paul International, (1999)
^ Account Suspended ???? ?????? 2016-03-06 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Document1958Sudanconstitution Doc - esudany.com ???? ?????? 2020-04-16 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Alwatan Sudan | Sudan Blog 24/7 ???? ?????? 2012-01-18 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ^? ^? ^? Mansour Khalid: The Government they Deserve
^ ^? ^? Mansour Khalid: The Government they Deserve,page 188
^ Sudan African National Union ???? ?????? 2017-09-25 ?? Wayback Machine
^ 2a b Wells, Victor C. and Samuel P. Dilla, December 1993, "Colonization, Arabization, Slavery, and War, and War Against Indigenous Peoples of Southern Sudan" Fourth World Bulletin, Vol.3, No.1
^ IISH | International Institute of Social History ???? ?????? 2008-11-24 ?? Wayback Machine
^ http://www.umma.org/umma/ar/file/Imam%20Al%20sadig%20CV-.doc ???? ?????? 2020-04-16 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Mansour Khalid:The Government they Deserve.P.222
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 13
^ ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? 1954-2004 ?: ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
^ ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? 2022-09-30 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 14
^ ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? 77.
^ ??? ?????? ??????:????? ????? ????????? ??? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 14
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ?-1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995)? ???? (21).
^ ????? ????:??????? ?????? ??????? ???? 85.
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ? -1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995)? ???? 22.
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ? - 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ???? 24.
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????(1995) ???? 35.
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995).
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???? ??????
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^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 31
^ ??? ?????? ??????:????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 54
^ ????? ????: ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?.61-75.
^ ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 60
^ A彩??彩票>99彩票??平台99??彩票平台登?彩票??平台盈彩?彩票 ???? ?????? 2019-02-11 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "????? ???????? - Presidency" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-24 .
^ ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2014-04-22 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? 2012-11-09 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Account Suspended" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-09-04 .
^ ??????(???????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? 1978 ????? ?????? 2010? (3) ???? ?????? 2012-01-19 ?? Wayback Machine
^ ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 2021-04-20 ?? Wayback Machine

????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????????? : ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????.
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????? ??????? ????? ??????? SARS
????? ???????? ????????? (??????) SSA.
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??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (ISNS): ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? 4 ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? 2002 ?.
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????? ??? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????? ???????

[1] Histories, book 2, chapters 29 and 146; book 3 chapter 17 Odyssey, book 1, lines 22?23; book 4, line 84

[2] [1] ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-04-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[3] Ancient Nile Civilization and Herodotus. notes/herod. by James A. Jones, Ph.D

[4] Fadl Hassan The Arabs and the Sudan: From the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century (1967). Edinburgh U.P., 1967 - 298

[5] ????? ????????- ???3??? ??????: ??? ???? ????????=????????=???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1891 - ? 257

[6] ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????/??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????

[7] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mali country profile, p. 2.

[8] Sudan referendum: what's being voted on and what will happen? The Telegraph. 8 January 2011

[9] ???? ??? (1950). ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? . Dar al-ma??rif. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-30.

[10] J. F. Ade (1 ????? 1997). Tarikh Afriqiya al'am: Al-Qarn at-tassi' acahr fi Afriqiya hatta thamaninatihi . UNESCO. ISBN : 978-92-3-601712-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-30.

[11] "OAU After Twenty Years"; Pub. Praeger; ISBN 0-03-062473-8 ; (May 1984)

[12] "??? ??????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-10.

[13] Mansour Khalid:The government they deserve: the role of the elite in Sudan's political evolution Kegan Paul International, (1999)

[14] Account Suspended ???? ?????? 2016-03-06 ?? Wayback Machine

[15] Document1958Sudanconstitution Doc - esudany.com ???? ?????? 2020-04-16 ?? Wayback Machine

[16] Alwatan Sudan | Sudan Blog 24/7 ???? ?????? 2012-01-18 ?? Wayback Machine

[ReferenceA-17] ? ^? ^? Mansour Khalid: The Government they Deserve

[Mansour_Khalid_page_188-18] ? ^? Mansour Khalid: The Government they Deserve,page 188

[19] Sudan African National Union ???? ?????? 2017-09-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[20] 2a b Wells, Victor C. and Samuel P. Dilla, December 1993, "Colonization, Arabization, Slavery, and War, and War Against Indigenous Peoples of Southern Sudan" Fourth World Bulletin, Vol.3, No.1

[21] IISH | International Institute of Social History ???? ?????? 2008-11-24 ?? Wayback Machine

[22] ttp://www.umma.org/umma/ar/file/Imam%20Al%20sadig%20CV-.doc ???? ?????? 2020-04-16 ?? Wayback Machine

[23] Mansour Khalid:The Government they Deserve.P.222

[24] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 13

[25] ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? 1954-2004 ?: ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????.

[26] ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? 2022-09-30 ?? Wayback Machine

[27] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 14

[28] ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? 77.

[29] ??? ?????? ??????:????? ????? ????????? ??? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 14

[30] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ?-1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995)? ???? (21).

[31] ????? ????:??????? ?????? ??????? ???? 85.

[32] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ? -1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995)? ???? 22.

[33] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? 1969 ? - 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ???? 24.

[34] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????(1995) ???? 35.

[35] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995).

[36] 武?村山新築?? | 武?村山には新築がいっぱい♪ ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2016-04-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[37] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 31

[38] ??? ?????? ??????:????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 54

[39] ????? ????: ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?.61-75.

[40] ??? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1969 ? - ????? 1985 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (1995) ?. 60

[41] A彩??彩票>99彩票??平台99??彩票平台登?彩票??平台盈彩?彩票 ???? ?????? 2019-02-11 ?? Wayback Machine

[42] "????? ???????? - Presidency" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-24 .

[43] ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2014-04-22 ?? Wayback Machine

[44] ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? 2012-11-09 ?? Wayback Machine

[45] "Account Suspended" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-09-04 .

[46] ??????(???????) ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? 1978 ????? ?????? 2010? (3) ???? ?????? 2012-01-19 ?? Wayback Machine

[47] ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 2021-04-20 ?? Wayback Machine

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