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?????? ????????? (1494?1559)
??????? ???????? (1559?1814)
????? ??????? (1815?1861)
??????? ???????
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????? ???????? ?????? (1914?1918)
??????? ????????????? ??????????? (1918?1939)
????? ???????? ??????? (1940?1945)
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???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????: ???? ??? ?????? ????????? (1494-1559)? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? (1559-1713) ??? ?? ???? ???????? . ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1796 ?1814 ????? ??????? ????? . ???? ????? ????? 1814 ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? . ????? ?????? ????????? ????? 1600? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? .

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????????? 65 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1494. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? 1559 ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 1713. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? 1738.

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.

???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1571? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? 25 ????? ??? ??? 1669? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 1683-1699. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 1796.

??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? - ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? - ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? 1707. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???? (???? ?????? 1713-1719) ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? (1722-1728)? ????? ???? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????) ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? (????? ?? ??? ?????) ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 1734. ?? ??? 1759? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1767? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1720? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.

?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????.

??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????. ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? 1734.

???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????.

??????? ?? ????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? (??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????)? ??? ???? ????? ????? (????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? .

???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? 1792 ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.

?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? (???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??) ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ?? 1796? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? (??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????) ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? 9 ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 15 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 1797. ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

??? ??????? ?? ?????? 1797 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? (????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????) ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? - ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? - ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1802 ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????.

??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? 1798 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???? (????????? ????????????) ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???? 100 ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.

?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 1799 ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????.

??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 1800? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? 1805? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? 1806 ?????? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? 1809? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 1806. ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 1815 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.

?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? 1814-1815.

?? ??? 1805? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? (??? ???????? ???? ???????) ???????? ?? ?????. ?? 1806? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? (?? 1808) ??????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? . ?? ??? 1808? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????.

?? ??? 1809? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ^[1] ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? . ?? ??? ??????? ?????? 1811 ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????.

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[2] ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 6 ????? 1814 ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ???? ????? ????? (1814) ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1795? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? (?? ?????? ?????? ??????????)? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? (?? ?????? ??????) ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? .

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ( ?????? ??? )? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? (????? ???? ?????). ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (1815-1835) ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? .

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• ?? "??????? ??????????" (????? ????? ??????? 1848-1861 ?????? ??????? 1861- 1946) (??????????)
• "???????" ???????? ?????????? 2006 ??? ????????.

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