???? ?????
( ??????????? : Peter M. Senge )?
??????? ?????
???????	1947 (????? 77 ???) ????????
??????	???????? ???????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????
????? ??????	???????
??????	??????? ?   ?????? ?   ????? ?   ?????? ????? ?   ??????? ?   ??????
??????	??????????
???? ??	???? ?????????? ??????????? ?   ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????
????? ?????	???????? ??????
????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ( ??????????? : Peter Senge )? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1947?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????????. ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1972?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? 1978?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? .

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ?????: ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

(( ???????? ?????? )) ??? ??? 1990 ?.

??? ??????? ???????? :
[ ??? ]

??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????:

1- ??????? ???????:

????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????.

2- ??????? ???????:

????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????.

3- ?????? ???????:

????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????.

4- ???? ???? ??????:

????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????.

5- ????? ?????:

????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????.

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

• ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????

????? [ ??? ]

( ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????) ^{[1] [2]}

• ????? ?????
• ????? ???????? ???????
• ????? ?????
• ????? ????? ?????

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????