???? ??????? ???????????

??????? ??????????? (( ???????? : e-muhtıra )?) ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 2007. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? . ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? 2007? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (TSK) ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????:

≪????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ... ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???... ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?≫ ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????≪??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????.≫ref> [1] [2]

???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ^[1]

?? ??????? 59 [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? 59 ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? 59. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???. ^[2]

???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???:

≪??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????... ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????.≫ ^[3]

???????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????: ≪??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.≫ ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? : ≪???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????≫? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ^[4]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????. ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 341 ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (MHP) ??? 71 ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? 367 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????.

???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ^[5]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 2010? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ^[6]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ??? 1997 (?????)
?????? ??????
?????????? ???????? ???????? 2007

??????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Radikal-cevrimici / Politika / e-muhtıra erken secimi gundeme ta?ıdı ???? ?????? 2016-06-04 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Cemil Cicek'in acıklamasının tam metni" (????????). Ntvmsnbc. 28 Apr 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02 . Retrieved 2010-08-20 .
^ "EU warns Turkish army over vote" . BBC News. 28 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-04-28 .
^ For the first time, US warns against army intervention - Turkish Daily News May 04, 2007 ???? ?????? 2012-11-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Former military chief on the defensive over e-memo criticism" . Today's Zaman. 24 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-08-15 .
^ "CHP leader's e-memo polemic flares up with Buyukanıt's involvement" . Today's Zaman. 30 ????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-08-15 .

[1] Radikal-cevrimici / Politika / e-muhtıra erken secimi gundeme ta?ıdı ???? ?????? 2016-06-04 ?? Wayback Machine

[2] "Cemil Cicek'in acıklamasının tam metni" (????????). Ntvmsnbc. 28 Apr 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02 . Retrieved 2010-08-20 .

[3] "EU warns Turkish army over vote" . BBC News. 28 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-04-28 .

[4] For the first time, US warns against army intervention - Turkish Daily News May 04, 2007 ???? ?????? 2012-11-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[5] "Former military chief on the defensive over e-memo criticism" . Today's Zaman. 24 ?????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-08-15 .

[6] "CHP leader's e-memo polemic flares up with Buyukanıt's involvement" . Today's Zaman. 30 ????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-08-15 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

? ? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????
?????? ?????????	?????? 1807?08 ?????? 1909 ?????? 1912 ???????? ??????? ???????? 1913
?????	?????? 1960 ?????? 1971 ?????? 1980 ???????? ??????? 1993 ?????? 1997 ?????? ?????? 2016
???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? (2004) ???? ??????? ??????????? (2007) ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 2009 ??? ??????? (2003)

? ? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 1991
????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 2010
??? 1990	???? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991) ^c ??????? ???????? (1991) ????? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991?1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ??????? (1992) ???? (1992) ^‡ ???????? (1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ????????? (1993) ^‡ ???????? (1993) ^c ????? (1993) ^‡ ??????? (1993) ??????? (1993) ^c ?????? (1994) ^c ?????? (1994) ^‡ ???????? (1995) ??? (1995) ^c ??? ???? ???????? (1995) ??????? (1996) ^c ?????? (1996) ^c ??? (1996) ????? (1997) ^c ?????? (1997) ?????? (1998) ??????? ??????? (1998) ?????? (1999) ^c ??????? (1999) ^c ???? ????? (1999) ^c
??? 2000	???? (2000) ^c ????????? (2000) ^c ??????? (2001) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2001) ??????? (2002) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2003) ??????? (2003) ????? ????? (2003) ??? ???? ???????? (2003) ????????? (2003) ???? (2004) ????? (2004) ^c ????? ?????????? (2004) ????????? (2005) ^c ??????? (2006) ???? (2006) ??????? (2006) ^c ?????? (2006) ???? (2006) ^c ???? (2007) ??????? (2007) ????? (2007) ????? ??????? (2008) ????????? (2008) ^c ????? (2008) ^c ?????? (2009) ^c ??????? (2009) ^c
??? 2010	?????? (2010) ^c ????? ????? (2010) ^c ????????? (2010) ?????? (2010) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2011) ????? ????? (2011) ???????? (2011) ????? ????? ??????? (2012) ???? (2012) ^c ?????? (2012) ????? ????? (2012) ^c ???? ????? (2012) ??????? (2012) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2012?????) ???? (2013) ????? (????? 2013) ??? ????? (2013) ???? (2013) ??? (2013) ^c ????? (?????? 2013) ???? ??????? (2013) ????? (2014) ??????? (2014) ^c ?????? (2014) ?????? (2014) ????? (2014?15) ^c ??????? (2015) ??????? ???? (2015) ????? (2016) ??????? ???? (2016) ????? ?????? (2016) ????? (2016) ???????? (2017) ^c ????? ?????????? (2017) ????? (2018) ^c ???????? (2018) ^‡ ??????? (2019) ??????? (2019)
??? 2020	???? (2020) ^c ??????? ?????? (2021) ??????? (2021) ^c ?????? (2021) ???? (2021) ^c ????? (2021) ^c ???? (2021) ^‡^c ??????? (2021) ?????? ?????? ^c ??????? ???? (2022) ????? ^c ?????? ^c ????? ????? (2022) ??? ???? ???????? (2022) ?????? (2022) ^‡ ?????? (2022) ??????? (2023) ?????? (2023) ^c ??????? (2023) ^c ??????? ???? (2023) ???????? 2023 ????? ????? (2023) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2024)
^c ?????? ???? ^‡ ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????