??? ????

??? ????
( ??????????? : Paul Michael Romer )?
??????? ?????
???????	6 ?????? 1955 (69 ???) ; ????
??????	???????? ???????
??? ??	?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ‏
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??????? ????	????? ?????? (???????: ??????? ??????? ) (?1983) ; ???????? ????? ?????? ‏
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???? ??	????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????
???????
	????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (2021) ; ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? (2018) ; ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ‏ (2002) ; ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ‏ (1990)
???????
??????	?????? ??????
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ????? ???? ( ??????????? : Paul Michael Romer )? (?????? 7 ?????? 1955)? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? . ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 24 ????? 2018? ^[9] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? . ^[10] ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ? ^[11] ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? .

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ≪???≫ ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ^[12]

???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? 1977 ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? 1978 ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? 1983? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? . ^[13]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? . ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? 2001 ????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 2007. ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???25 ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? 1997. ^[14] ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? 2002.

??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? 2013 ≪????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????≫. ^[15] ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? . ^[16]

????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ^[17] ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? 1983? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? 1986 ?1990? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? .

????? ????? ?????? ≪?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????≫? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? 2004 ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? . ^[18]

????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 2009. ^[19] ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ^[20] ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ≪??????? ????????≫ ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ^[12]

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? . ^[12] ??? ???? ?????? ≪????? ????????≫ ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 2012 ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ^[21]

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? "???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?. ????? - ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? . ^[22]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ https://search.proquest.com/docview/303206758/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-04-06 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ . OCLC : 28795806 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
^ http://www.accessecon.com/pubs/eb/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-03 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ Javier Milei (2024). Capitalismo, socialismo y la trampa neoclasica: De la teoria economica a la accion politica (??????????). Editorial Planeta . p. 106. ISBN : 978-950-49-8609-6 . QID : Q125790251 .
^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZmgZGIZtiM . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20220311133847/https://www.aaas.org/page/2021-fellows . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 (???????????), Nobel Foundation , QID : Q23684016
^ Donnan S. Outspoken World Bank chief economist Paul Romer exits // FT. January 24, 2018. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "N.Y.U. Lands Top Economist for Cities Project" . ??????? ????? . 27 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-27 .
^ "Risk and Return" . Hoover Digest . ?. No. 2. 1996. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-02. {{ ??????? ???? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ ^? ^? ^? "The Politically Incorrect Guide to Ending Poverty" . ?? ???????? . ??????????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-29.
^ Warsh? David (2007). Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations . New York: Norton. ?. 196?201. ISBN : 978-0-393-32988-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-13.
^ "Time's 25 Most Influential Americans" . ???? (????) . Time Inc. 21 ????? 1997. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-21 .
^ "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2018 Press Release" (PDF) . ????? ???? . 8 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-08.
^ Appelbaum? Binyamin (8 ?????? 2018). "2018 Nobel in Economics Awarded to William Nordhaus and Paul Romer" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-26.
^ Solow? Robert M. (1994). "Perspectives on Growth Theory" . Journal of Economic Perspectives . ?. 8 ?. 1: 45?54. DOI : 10.1257/jep.8.1.45 . JSTOR : 2138150 .
^ Rosenthal? Jack (31 ????? 2009). "A Terrible Thing to Waste" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-10-09 .
^ Paul Romer: Why the world needs charter cities , TED talk August 2009 ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Gunn? Dwyer (29 ?????? 2009). "Can "Charter Cities" Change the World? A Q&A With Paul Romer" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .
^ "Plan for Charter City to Fight Honduras Poverty Loses Its Initiator" . New York Times . 30 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-08.
^ PeoplesCapitalism.org ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ????

??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????:

??? ???? ??? ????? .
??? ???? ??? ???? .

[wikidata-32ce5b89d98825c89ab12317f64c35f9805022f9-1] ttps://search.proquest.com/docview/303206758/ . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-0d26d7046473e9eae94bdeba30bdb2cb2f8b4e41-2] ? ^? https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows/current . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-04-06 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-265dcbba9e8003e92341af4f7344e813962e8c79-3] . OCLC : 28795806 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |????= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )

[wikidata-e65dc8905ff85712305a0acb299e82f9808e8170-4] ttp://www.accessecon.com/pubs/eb/ . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-03 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-c45400f16f573abcd0571159c8f43a40926e9a73-5] Javier Milei (2024). Capitalismo, socialismo y la trampa neoclasica: De la teoria economica a la accion politica (??????????). Editorial Planeta . p. 106. ISBN : 978-950-49-8609-6 . QID : Q125790251 .

[wikidata-21c97ff8bbb735c944243aca953dc06fa90c30fb-6] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZmgZGIZtiM . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-24508149faf5ee52628d38c2e60538ba7cc08af4-7] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20220311133847/https://www.aaas.org/page/2021-fellows . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )

[wikidata-6b393008bbaa3b30758edf6798873dd164fa9ec0-8] The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 (???????????), Nobel Foundation , QID : Q23684016

[9] Donnan S. Outspoken World Bank chief economist Paul Romer exits // FT. January 24, 2018. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[10] "N.Y.U. Lands Top Economist for Cities Project" . ??????? ????? . 27 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-27 .

[11] "Risk and Return" . Hoover Digest . ?. No. 2. 1996. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-08-02. {{ ??????? ???? }}: |??????= ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????? )

[atlantic-12] ? ^? ^? "The Politically Incorrect Guide to Ending Poverty" . ?? ???????? . ??????????? 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-29.

[13] Warsh? David (2007). Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations . New York: Norton. ?. 196?201. ISBN : 978-0-393-32988-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-13.

[14] "Time's 25 Most Influential Americans" . ???? (????) . Time Inc. 21 ????? 1997. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-21 .

[nobelprize-15] "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2018 Press Release" (PDF) . ????? ???? . 8 ?????? 2018. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-10-08.

[16] Appelbaum? Binyamin (8 ?????? 2018). "2018 Nobel in Economics Awarded to William Nordhaus and Paul Romer" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-26.

[17] Solow? Robert M. (1994). "Perspectives on Growth Theory" . Journal of Economic Perspectives . ?. 8 ?. 1: 45?54. DOI : 10.1257/jep.8.1.45 . JSTOR : 2138150 .

[18] Rosenthal? Jack (31 ????? 2009). "A Terrible Thing to Waste" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-10-09 .

[19] Paul Romer: Why the world needs charter cities , TED talk August 2009 ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[20] Gunn? Dwyer (29 ?????? 2009). "Can "Charter Cities" Change the World? A Q&A With Paul Romer" . The New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-05-22 .

[21] "Plan for Charter City to Fight Honduras Poverty Loses Its Initiator" . New York Times . 30 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-08.

[22] PeoplesCapitalism.org ???? ?????? 11 ???? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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? ? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? 2018
????????	??????? ????? (???????? ???????) ???? ???? (???????? ???????) ??????? ?????? (???????? ???????)
?????	????? ????????? (??????) (???? ????? ??? 2019)
??????	????? ??????? (??????? ??????? ???????????) ????? ???? (??????)
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????	???? ?????? (???????? ???????) ?????? ????? (???????)
????????	????? ???????? (???????? ???????) ??? ???? (???????? ???????)
???????? ?????? ???? 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

? ? ? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????
1969?1975	???? ??? / ??? ??????? (1969) ??? ????????? (1970) ????? ?????? (1971) ??? ???? / ????? ??? (1972) ?????? ???????? (1973) ????? ????? / ??????? ??? ???? (1974) ?????? ?????????? / ??????? ??????? (1975)
1976?2000	?????? ??????? (1976) ????? ????? / ???? ??? (1977) ?????? ????? (1978) ????? ????? / ???? ???? (1979) ????? ???? (1980) ???? ???? (1981) ???? ?????? (1982) ?????? ????? (1983) ??????? ???? (1984) ?????? ????????? (1985) ???? ?????? ?????? (1986) ????? ???? (1987) ????? ????? (1988) ????? ??????? (1989) ???? ???????? / ?????? ???? / ?????? ???? (1990) ?????? ??? (1991) ???? ???? (1992) ????? ???? / ?????? ???? (1993) ??? ??????? / ??? ????? ??? / ??????? ????? (1994) ????? ????? ????? (1995) ???? ?????? / ?????? ????? (1996) ????? ?????? / ?????? ????? (1997) ??????? ?? (1998) ????? ????? (1999) ???? ?????? / ?????? ??????? (2000)
2001???? ????	???? ?????? / ????? ???? / ????? ?????? (2001) ?????? ?????? / ?????? ???? (2002) ????? ???? / ???? ?????? (2003) ??? ??????? / ?????? ??????? (2004) ????? ????? / ????? ?????? (2005) ?????? ????? (2006) ?????? ??????? / ????? ?????? / ???? ?????? (2007) ??? ??????? (2008) ?????? ??????? / ?????? ???????? (2009) ???? ??????? / ??? ??????? / ???????? ???????? (2010) ????? ? ?????? / ???????? ? ???? (2011) ????? ??? / ???? ????? (2012) ????? ???? / ???? ???? ????? / ????? ???? (2013) ??? ????? (2014) ????? ????? (2015) ?????? ???? / ????? ????????? (2016) ???? (2017) ????? ???????? / ??? ???? (2018) ??????? ??????? / ????? ????? / ????? ????? (2019) ??? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2020) ????? ???? / ????? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2021) ?? ??????? / ?????? ??????? / ????? ?????? (2022) ?????? ????? (2023)