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???????? ( ??????????? : Structuralism )? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???.

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≪???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????≫.

????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? [2] ? ????? [2] ? ???????? . ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. [3] ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.

??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ? ? ??? ???????? ? ? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? . ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????.

????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? / ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ? ??? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. [4]

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???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ≪??????≫ ?≪???????≫? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????. [5]

??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? [6] ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????.

???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????.

???? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????.  ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????. [7]

???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ≪????? ???????≫ ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.

????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? . ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.

  1. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ≪???????≫ langue (??????? ??????? ????) ≪???????≫ parole (????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????). ???? ????? ??? ≪???????≫ ?? ≪???????≫ ????? ?? ≪?????≫ ( signifie ? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????) ?≪????≫ ( signifiant ? ?? ?????? ??????? / ??????? ???????).
  2. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??. ???? ??? ??????? ≪?????????≫.
  3. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ≪?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ≪??? ??????? ???????≫≫.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1949 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? 1958? ??? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????.

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???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ( ????? ) (?? ???: ???? ????? ??????) ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? (?? ?? ???) ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? (????) ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? (???????). ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? (???????) ???????? ???? ???????? (?????? ?? ????) ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (????????????).

???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????: ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? (??????) ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????: ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? .

?????? ????????: ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????.???. ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????.

????? ????????: ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????: ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? Narratologie ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????????? ????????? stylistique ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? Dramaturgie ?? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????. ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????.

???????? ?????????: (Genetie Structuralism) ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? (???????? ?????????): (??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? (????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????)? ?? ???????? ?????????.

????? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

  • ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????.
  • ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
  • ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????.
  • ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
  • ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. [8]

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  • ???????? ???????: ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (????????)? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (??????) ????????? (???????)? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? "????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????... ???. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????
  • ???????? ??????????: ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????: ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.
  • ???????? ????????: ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???
  • ???????? ???????: ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? "?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????"  [9]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Blackburn, Simon , ed. 2008. "Structuralism." In Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd rev. ed.). Oxford: ??? ??? ????? ??????? . ( ???? 978-0-19-954143-0 ). p. 353.
  2. ^ ? ? Deleuze, Gilles. 2002. "How Do We Recognise Structuralism?" In Desert Islands and Other Texts 1953-1974. Trans. David Lapoujade. Ed. Michael Taormina. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents ser. Los Angeles and New York: Semiotext(e), 2004. 170?192. ( ???? 1-58435-018-0 ): p. 170.
  3. ^ Mambrol? Nasrullah (20 ???? 2016). "Structuralism" . Literary Theory and Criticism Notes . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-29 .
  4. ^ ??? ?????     [???? ????] ‏. 1979. "Introduction." In Structuralism and Since: From Levi Strauss to Derrida .
  5. ^ Sylvain Auroux, E.F.K. Koerner, Hans-Josef Niederehe, Kees Versteegh (2008 ) History of the Language Sciences , 2nd volume, p.1882 ???? ?????? 2023-05-19 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  6. ^ Meike Watzlawik, Alina Kriebel, Jaan Valsiner (2015) Particulars and Universals in Clinical and Developmental Psychology: Critical Reflections A book honoring Roger Bibace , pp. 33 , 44-45 ???? ?????? 2023-05-19 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ Walton? David (2012)? "Poststructuralism: Roland Barthes and Jacques Derrida"? Doing Cultural Theory ? SAGE Publications Ltd? ?. 88?104? DOI : 10.4135/9781446289075 ? ISBN : 9780857024855
  8. ^ ??? ?????? (1985?). ??????? . ?????: ??????? ??????. ?. 9.
  9. ^ ???????? (2013?). ??????? ????????? ??????? . ?????: ??? ???????. ?. 153?155.
  • D'Andrade, R. 1995. The development of cognitive anthropology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Beth, E.W., and Piaget, J. (1966) Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology . Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
  • Francois Dosse. History of Structuralism (two volumes). University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
  • Kuper, A. 1988. The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion. London: Routledge.
  • Laughlin, Charles D. and Eugene G. d'Aquili (1974) Biogenetic Structuralism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Leach, E. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma. London: Bell.
  • Leach, E. 1966. Rethinking Anthropology. Northampton: Dickens.
  • Levi-Strauss, C. 1969. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. London: Eyre and Spottis-woode.
  • Caws, P. 2000 Structuralism: A Philosophy for the Human Sciences New York: Humanity Books

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