????

????????? ^[1] ?? ???????? ^[1] ?? ( ????? : ???????? ) ( ??????????? : Buckram )? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? .

???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ???????. ^[2]

?? ?????? ?????? ? ≪?????????≫ bokeram ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? Bokhara ^[3]? -???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????-? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ( ????? ??????? ????????? ).

?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.

?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????:

?????? ?????: ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
???????? ??????.
???????? ???????: ??????? ????? ???? ≪??? ??????≫.

?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???.

?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? F ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ^[4] ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ^[5]^[6]^[7] ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (???????) ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 166. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .
^ "Buckram" . BBC h2g2. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-04 .
^ Donald King in Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds.), Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England, 1200?1400 , p157, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London 1987.
^ Manufacturing Standards and Specifications for Textbooks as developed by NASTA (National Association of State Textbook Administrators) in consultation with the AAP (Association of American Publishers) and the BMI (Book Manufacturers' Institute)
^ "Buckram" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-02 .
^ "Buckram" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-09 .
^ ANSI/NISO/LBI Z39.78-2000

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[:0-1] ? ^? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 166. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .

[2] "Buckram" . BBC h2g2. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-10-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-04 .

[3] Donald King in Jonathan Alexander & Paul Binski (eds.), Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England, 1200?1400 , p157, Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London 1987.

[4] Manufacturing Standards and Specifications for Textbooks as developed by NASTA (National Association of State Textbook Administrators) in consultation with the AAP (Association of American Publishers) and the BMI (Book Manufacturers' Institute)

[5] "Buckram" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-08-02 .

[6] "Buckram" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-09-09 .

[7] ANSI/NISO/LBI Z39.78-2000

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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