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???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? magstripe ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? RFID ?/?? ???? ?????? ?/?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????
??????????
??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1900 ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1950 ???? ??????? ????
?? ?? ??
??? 1960???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ISO/IEC 7810, ISO/IEC 7811, ISO/IEC 7812, ISO/IEC 7813, ISO 8583, and ISO/IEC 4909, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? magstripe ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????
???????:
??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? 1969 ???? ??? ????? ??
?? ?? ??
?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????
??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????:
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? 1969 ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? IBM (IRD) ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? 1970? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? IBM DPD ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????
???????? ???????
???????????? ???? ???? ???????.
[1]
[2]
[5] ?????? ?????? ≪
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?? ?? ??≫ ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? IBM Delta Distance C Optical
??? ?????
format.[6][7] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ≪?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??≫ ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? 24 ?????? 1971 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? 2730-1 ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????.[5] ???? ?? ??? ??????[8] ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? 12 ?????? 1969 ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? (????)? ???? ???? (???? ?????????)? ?????? ????? (?????)? ??. ?. ????? (??????? ???????????/???????).[????? ??? ????????] ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? IBM 360 ????? 30 ??????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? (RAM) ?????? ?? ?????/??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? IBM 360 ?????? ?? ????????? ???????/????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? IRD ????? ????? 360 ??? ≪??????? ???? ?? ????????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? 360 Assembler Language. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? IRD ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????/?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
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????? ??? ?????? iRD ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????/????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? dilta distance c ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ibm ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? IBM Systems Development Division ???? ?? Research Triangle Park ?? Raleigh North Carolina ?????? ???? ?. ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?. ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? NRMA ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ????? NRMA ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ????? ?? ????? ?????/????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? IBM ???????? ?????? ??? NRMA? ???? NRMA ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? IBM ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? Delta Distancs ???? ??? ??????? C ????? ?? Delta ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (UPC). ?? ?????? ??? UPC ?? ??? 1973 ?????? NRMA ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? UPC.[10] ??? ??? 1982? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ≪????? ??? ????????≫. ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ?? ??? 1983? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? 39 dot matrix ????????? ??
?????? ???????
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