??????? ??????

??????? ??????
??????? ?????
???????	19 ?????? 1960 (64 ???) ; ?????
???????	?????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ????? ????????
????? ??????	??????? ???????
??????	????? ???????
??????	????????
???? ??	Fungible
	????? ????? - ?????

??????? ?????? (

??? ?????: [b??t??? s??l?]

? ?????? 1960)? 
????? ???????
 ?????? ??? ????? ?? 
?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????
 (INRIA) ??? ??????? ????? ??? 
???????? ???????
 ?? ??? 1985. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? 
???? ???.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? . ^[3]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? 1997 ??? 2011. ^[3] ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 2003. ^[4] ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? (??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? 10.4 ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? 10.5 ???? ??????? 10.6). ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? OpenStep. ^[5]

??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? Xerox PARC ????? NeXT . ^[3]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 2006 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? . ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? 2004 ???? ??? ????? ≪???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??≫ ? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? . ^[6] ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? 2009 ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? 7 ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? (UAC) ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????.

?? 23 ???? 2011? ????? ???? Apple ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ≪??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????≫. ^[7]

????? ?? Business Insider ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? Upthere ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ^[8] ?? ????? ?????? (??????) 2012? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers ? Elevation Partners ? Google Ventures. ^[9] ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Western Digital) ?? 28 ????? 2017. ^[10]

?? ????? 2012 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? (Parallels, Inc). ^[11]

?? ??? 2015? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? Fungible ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ^[2]

?? ?????? ?? INRIA? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? Grokable ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ≪????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????≫.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Bertrand Serlet: In Apple's Temple" . Inria. 18 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-06-06 .
^ ^? ^? "Team" . Fungible. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-02-14 .
^ ^? ^? ^? "Apple - Press Info - Bios - Bertrand Serlet" . Apple Computer. ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-03-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-21 .
^ "Avie Tevanian Named Chief Software Technology Officer of Apple" . Apple Computer. 8 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-09-16 .
^ "Bertrand Serlet" . CNN Money . 4 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-23.
^ "Macintouch 2006 wwdc coverage" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-10-16 .
^ "Bertrand Serlet to Leave Apple" . Apple Press Release . Apple. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-03-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-23 .
^ Seth Fiegerman (29 ????? 2012). "Bertrand Serlet Is Working On A Mystery Startup in Palo Alto With Ex-Apple Employees" . Business Insider. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-13 .
^ "New site reveals Ex-Apple SVP Serlet's Cloud startup UpThere funded by KPCB, Elevation, Google Ventures" . The Next Web. 14 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-28 .
^ Matt Burns (28 ????? 2017). "Western Digital acquires cloud services company Upthere" . TechCrunch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-08-28 .
^ "Former Apple VP Bertrand Serlet Joins Board of Parallels" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-19.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

WWDC 2006 presentation ??? ??????

[Inria-1] "Bertrand Serlet: In Apple's Temple" . Inria. 18 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-06-06 .

[Fungible-2] ? ^? "Team" . Fungible. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-02-14 .

[applebio-3] ? ^? ^? "Apple - Press Info - Bios - Bertrand Serlet" . Apple Computer. ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-03-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-21 .

[4] "Avie Tevanian Named Chief Software Technology Officer of Apple" . Apple Computer. 8 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2006-09-16 .

[5] "Bertrand Serlet" . CNN Money . 4 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-23.

[6] "Macintouch 2006 wwdc coverage" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-08-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-10-16 .

[7] "Bertrand Serlet to Leave Apple" . Apple Press Release . Apple. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-03-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-03-23 .

[8] Seth Fiegerman (29 ????? 2012). "Bertrand Serlet Is Working On A Mystery Startup in Palo Alto With Ex-Apple Employees" . Business Insider. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-08-13 .

[9] "New site reveals Ex-Apple SVP Serlet's Cloud startup UpThere funded by KPCB, Elevation, Google Ventures" . The Next Web. 14 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-04-28 .

[10] Matt Burns (28 ????? 2017). "Western Digital acquires cloud services company Upthere" . TechCrunch. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-08-28 .

[11] "Former Apple VP Bertrand Serlet Joins Board of Parallels" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-19.

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