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??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? 552?581 ????????? ??????? ??????? 581?657 ( Tokhara Yabghus ? Turk Shahis ) Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581?650 ????????? ??????? ??????? 682?744 ??????? ????? 618?1048 Xueyantuo 628?646 Kangar union 659?750 Turk Shahi 665-850 ??????? ????? 699?766 Kimek confederation 743?1035 ??????? ???????? 744?840 ???? ????? ????? 750?1055 Karluk Yabgu State 756?940 ??????? ??????????? 840?1212 Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848?1036 Qocho 856?1335 ??????? ??????? 860?1091 ??????? ???????? 963?1186 ???????? 1037?1194 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? 1067?1239 ?????? ?????????? 1077?1231 Kerait Khanate ????? 11?????? 13 ????? ???? 1206?1526 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? Qarlughid Kingdom 1224?1266 ??????? ??????? 1240?1502 ?????? ????????? 1250?1517 ???????? ???????
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• (????????) Golubovsky Peter V. (1884) Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes 9th-13th centuries (Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX?XIII вв.) at Runivers.ru in ?????? format
• Paloczi-Horvath, A. (1989). Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe peoples in medieval Hungary . Hereditas. Budapest: Kultura [distributor]. ISBN 963-13-2740-X
• Pritsak, O. (1976). The Pe?enegs: a case of social and economic transformation . Lisse, Netherlands: The Peter de Ridder Press.

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• www.patzinakia.ro
• The Primary Chronicle
• Of the Pechenegs, and how many advantages

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