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???? ???????? [1] [2] ?? ????????? [3] ?? ???????? [1] [2] ?? ????????? [3] ?? ???????? [1] ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. [4] [5] [6] ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? 53% ?? ???????? (SiO 2 ).

??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? (?????) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???. [ ????? ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ( 2 )
??? ??????? ?? ?????? B ??? ???? ????? TAS.

??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? (??????????????) ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. [7] ??? ???? QAPF? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ( 1 ) [8] ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? 10? ???????????? ???? ?? 20? ??????? ?? ???? 65? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? QAPF ?? ???? ?? ????????? (???????/???????) ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? 52?. [9] [10] [11]

?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (TAS) ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? 45? ??? 52? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? 5?. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? B ?? ???? TAS (?????? ???????? ? ??????) ???? ?????? ???????? .

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???:

  1. ??????? ???? ???? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????.
  2. ???????? ??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????.
  3. ??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. 
  4. ??????? ??????? ?????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? " ??????? ? ???????? ?? ??????"  ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 5,6% ???.
  5. ?????? ????? ??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.
  6. ???????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???.
  7. ?????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????.
  8. ????? ??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?? ???? ??????).
  9. ?????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????????.
  10. ?????? ??????? ?????????????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.
  11. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????: ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
  12. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? 70 ???? ??? ????? ???? 100 ???? ????? ?????.
  13. ????? ?????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? 5 ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????.
  14. ????? ?????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ??? 100 ???.
  15. ????? ????????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????.
  16. ???????? ??????? ???????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
  17. ????? ?????? : ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????.

???????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? (???? ???) ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? 10 ??.

??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 380 ????? 50 ? 60 ???? ???????? ??? 17 ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 10,7 ???? ??? / ????

 ??????? ?????? 

????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
1-    ??? ????: ???? ??? 1200 1000 550 550
2-     ??????? ??????? < 0,46   < 0,56  56 17
3 ? ???????  ? / ??3 2,0   2,0   7,8 7,85 
-       4 ????? ???????

-       ???? ??????

50-55    45 200 200
?????? ???????
1-    ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????
2-    ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????
3-     ?????? ???????- ???? ????? 300 ???? ????? ????? 150 ???? ????? ????? 600 ???? ????? ????? 600 ???? ?????
4-     ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????

 

??????? [ ??? ]

1 QAPF: ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????: Quartz Alkali-Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspathoid

2 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????.

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?. 3? ?. 79? OCLC : 1034549709 ? QID : Q109610899
  2. ^ ? ? ???? ????????? ????????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1)? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? 2010? ?. 48? OCLC : 713785160 ? QID : Q125645356
  3. ^ ? ? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? (?. ???????)? ??? ??????? ?????? ?. ?????? ?.192? ??????? Basalat
  4. ^ Edwards? Katrina J.? Bach? Wolfgang? Rogers? Daniel R. (????? 2003). "Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust: A Role for Chemoautotrophic Fe-Bacteria" . Biological Bulletin . ?. 204 ?. 2: 180?185. DOI : 10.2307/1543555 . JSTOR : 1543555 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-06-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-04 .
  5. ^ Loeb Classical Library ): "The Egyptians also discovered in Ethiopia what is called basanites , a stone which in colour and hardness resembles iron: hence the name they have given it." This stone is now believed to have been greywacke, a sedimentary rock unrelated to basalt. ???? ?????? 19 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  6. ^ Hance? Jeremy (5 ????? 2010). "Underwater rocks could be used for massive carbon storage on America's East Coast" . Mongabay. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-11-04 .
  7. ^ "CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-30.
  8. ^ ?????? ???? (1978). ??? ??? ??????????? . ??????: ??? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-07-20.
  9. ^ Le Bas? M. J.? Streckeisen? A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". Journal of the Geological Society . ?. 148 ?. 5: 825?833. Bibcode : 1991JGSoc.148..825L . CiteSeerX : 10.1.1.692.4446 . DOI : 10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825 . S2CID : 28548230 .
  10. ^ "Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous" (PDF) . British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme . ?. 1: 1?52. 1999. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2021-02-27.
  11. ^ Philpotts? Anthony R.? Ague? Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (?. 2nd). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ?. 139?143. ISBN : 978-0-521-88006-0 .
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