??????? ?????????

??????? ?????????
??? ?? ?????? ????????? (1918?1919)
	???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????
??????? ????
???????	5-12 ????? 1919
?????	??????? ??????
??????	????? ? ??????? ??????
???????	?????? ???????
??????????
??????? ?????? ; ?????????	????? ??????? ?? ??????? ; ????? ?????????
??????
??????? ????? ; ?????? ?????	???? ??????? ; ???? ?????????
?????
3000 ?? ???????????
???????
17 ???? ; 20 ????	130-180 ????
	150-196 ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????.
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??????? ????????? ( ?????????? : Spartakusaufstand )? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ( Januaraufstand )? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? 5 ??? 12 ????? 1919. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? . ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? (?? ??? ??) ?????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??? ??? ??)? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? . ?? ??? 1914? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? . ^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ??? 150- 200? ?????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 19 ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? 9 ?????? 1918? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? (?? ?? ??? ??) ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? (?? ?? ??? ??) ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 10 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? (??? ??? ??)? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? -??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????- ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????.

?? ????? ?????? 1918? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? 31 ?????? 1918. ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? 1 ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ≪??? ???????≫.

?? 23 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????)? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

?? 29 ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ^[4] ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

????????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ^[5] ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ^[6] ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ≪???? ????? ??????????≫. ^[7] ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ??????? ≪?? ??? ???? ???? ?????≫ ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? 70 ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? 6 ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? 53 ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ^[8]^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Jones 2016 ? ???? 197.
^ Jones 2016 ? ???? 196?199.
^
* Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2022). Europe on the Path to Self-Destruction: Nationalism and the Struggle for Hegemony, 1815-1945 (???????????). McFarland. p. 288 . ISBN : 978-1-4766-4685-5 .
- Weill, Claudie (2003). "Women in the German Revolution: Rosa Luxemburg and the Worker's Councils". In Faure, Christine (ed.). Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women (???????????). ??????? (??? ???) . pp. 267, 270 . ISBN : 1579582370 .
- Shirer, William L. (1990). Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (???????????). ?????? ?????? . p. 55 . ISBN : 978-0-671-72868-7 .
^ Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918?1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [ Weimar 1918?1933 The History of the first German Democracy ] (??????????). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 54 f. ISBN : 3-406-37646-0 .
^ Kotowski, Georg (1959). "Ernst, Eugen" . Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (??????????). p. 628 [Online-Version]. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.
^ Muller, Richard (1979). Geschichte der deutschen Revolution [ History of the German Revolution ] (??????????). Berlin: Olle & Wolte. pp. 30 ff. ISBN : 9783883954110 .
^ Winkler 1993 ? ???? 57.
^ Rada, Uwe (9 Nov 2018). "taz archiv: chronik der revolution" [Chronicle of the Revolution] (??????????). Archived from the original on 2023-12-13 . Retrieved 2023-12-13 .
^ Solty, Ingar (Mar 2018). "Funfzehn Tage die die Welt Erschutterten" [Fifteen Days that Shook the World] (PDF) . Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (??????????). p. 151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-13 . Retrieved 2023-12-13 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??????? ?????????

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[FOOTNOTEJones2016197-1] Jones 2016 ? ???? 197.

[FOOTNOTEJones2016196–199-2] Jones 2016 ? ???? 196?199.

[3] * Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2022). Europe on the Path to Self-Destruction: Nationalism and the Struggle for Hegemony, 1815-1945 (???????????). McFarland. p. 288 . ISBN : 978-1-4766-4685-5 .
Weill, Claudie (2003). "Women in the German Revolution: Rosa Luxemburg and the Worker's Councils". In Faure, Christine (ed.). Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women (???????????). ??????? (??? ???) . pp. 267, 270 . ISBN : 1579582370 .

Shirer, William L. (1990). Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (???????????). ?????? ?????? . p. 55 . ISBN : 978-0-671-72868-7 .

[4] Weill, Claudie (2003). "Women in the German Revolution: Rosa Luxemburg and the Worker's Councils". In Faure, Christine (ed.). Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women (???????????). ??????? (??? ???) . pp. 267, 270 . ISBN : 1579582370 .

[5] Shirer, William L. (1990). Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (???????????). ?????? ?????? . p. 55 . ISBN : 978-0-671-72868-7 .

[4] Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918?1933. Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [ Weimar 1918?1933 The History of the first German Democracy ] (??????????). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 54 f. ISBN : 3-406-37646-0 .

[5] Kotowski, Georg (1959). "Ernst, Eugen" . Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (??????????). p. 628 [Online-Version]. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10.

[:0-6] Muller, Richard (1979). Geschichte der deutschen Revolution [ History of the German Revolution ] (??????????). Berlin: Olle & Wolte. pp. 30 ff. ISBN : 9783883954110 .

[FOOTNOTEWinkler199357-7] Winkler 1993 ? ???? 57.

[8] Rada, Uwe (9 Nov 2018). "taz archiv: chronik der revolution" [Chronicle of the Revolution] (??????????). Archived from the original on 2023-12-13 . Retrieved 2023-12-13 .

[9] Solty, Ingar (Mar 2018). "Funfzehn Tage die die Welt Erschutterten" [Fifteen Days that Shook the World] (PDF) . Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (??????????). p. 151. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-13 . Retrieved 2023-12-13 .

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