??????? ??????? (1821)

??????? ???????
??? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????
???????	1821
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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??????? ??? 1821 ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ≪???? ?????≫ ?? ??????.

??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????.

????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????. ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? .

????? ??? ??????? ??? 1821 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? 1828? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? (?????? ???????) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????. ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ≪???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????≫ ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ≪????? ????≫. ???? ????????? ??????? ???? 1819 5.9 ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?1.3 ????? ??????? ??????? ?2.4 ????? ???? ????????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? 1800. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1819? ?? ??? 190,000 ???? ????? ???????? ?????? 76,000 ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1819 ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? 1802? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? 1718-1739? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ^[9]^[10]^[11]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ????? 1806? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????. ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? -??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????- ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ^[12]^[13]^[14]

?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ?? ??? 1814 ? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????. ^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Djuvara, pp. 261?262
^ Iliescu & Miron, pp. 9?10
^ Djuvara, pp. 70?71
^ Bogdan Murgescu , Romania ?i Europa. Acumularea decalajelor economice (1500?2010) , pp. 32?37. Ia?i: Polirom , 2010. ( ???? 978-973-46-1665-7 )
^ Djuvara, p. 70. See also Iliescu & Miron, p. 10
^ Djuvara, pp. 73?74; Iorga (1921), pp. 326?327 and (1932), pp. 5?7
^ Djuvara, pp. 73?74
^ Maciu, pp. 935?936
^ Djuvara, pp. 281?283. See also Maciu, p. 934
^ Djuvara, pp. 283, 356; Vartosu (1962), passim
^ Ciobotea & Osiac, pp. 143?144
^ Bogdan-Duic?, p. 41; Cernatoni, pp. 40?41; Ciobotea & Osiac, pp. 143?146; Dieaconu, pp. 45, 47; Djuvara, pp. 284?286, 297, 299, 356; Finlay, p. 123; Georgescu, p. 100; Iliescu & Miron, pp. 12?13; Iorga (1921), pp. XI, 3?4, 189, 232 and (1932), p. 54; Iscru, pp. 678, 680; L?custeanu & Crutzescu, p. 37; Maciu, pp. 936, 939; Nistor, p. 889; Rizos-Nerulos, p. 284; Vartosu (1945), p. 345 and (1962), pp. 530, 545; Vianu & Iancovici, pp. 75?77
^ Djuvara, pp. 283?284, 295
^ Vartosu (1962), pp. 533?535, 545
^ Djuvara, pp. 288?289
^ Djuvara, pp. 293?295
^ Djuvara, p. 291
^ Cernatoni, p. 42; Maciu, p. 936
^ Maciu, pp. 936, 940. See also Iscru, pp. 679?680

[1] Djuvara, pp. 261?262

[2] Iliescu & Miron, pp. 9?10

[3] Djuvara, pp. 70?71

[4] Bogdan Murgescu , Romania ?i Europa. Acumularea decalajelor economice (1500?2010) , pp. 32?37. Ia?i: Polirom , 2010. ( ???? 978-973-46-1665-7 )

[5] Djuvara, p. 70. See also Iliescu & Miron, p. 10

[6] Djuvara, pp. 73?74; Iorga (1921), pp. 326?327 and (1932), pp. 5?7

[7] Djuvara, pp. 73?74

[8] Maciu, pp. 935?936

[9] Djuvara, pp. 281?283. See also Maciu, p. 934

[10] Djuvara, pp. 283, 356; Vartosu (1962), passim

[11] Ciobotea & Osiac, pp. 143?144

[12] Bogdan-Duic?, p. 41; Cernatoni, pp. 40?41; Ciobotea & Osiac, pp. 143?146; Dieaconu, pp. 45, 47; Djuvara, pp. 284?286, 297, 299, 356; Finlay, p. 123; Georgescu, p. 100; Iliescu & Miron, pp. 12?13; Iorga (1921), pp. XI, 3?4, 189, 232 and (1932), p. 54; Iscru, pp. 678, 680; L?custeanu & Crutzescu, p. 37; Maciu, pp. 936, 939; Nistor, p. 889; Rizos-Nerulos, p. 284; Vartosu (1945), p. 345 and (1962), pp. 530, 545; Vianu & Iancovici, pp. 75?77

[13] Djuvara, pp. 283?284, 295

[14] Vartosu (1962), pp. 533?535, 545

[15] Djuvara, pp. 288?289

[16] Djuvara, pp. 293?295

[17] Djuvara, p. 291

[18] Cernatoni, p. 42; Maciu, p. 936

[19] Maciu, pp. 936, 940. See also Iscru, pp. 679?680

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? ? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????
?????? (1299?1453)	???? ??? ????? ????? (1416?20) ??????? ??????? ??????? (1404?18) Skanderbeg's rebellion (1443?68) Bucuktepe rebellion (1446)
?????? (1453?1550)	????? ??? ??? (1511) Nur Ali Halife rebellion (1512) Nasir al-Din rebellion (1518) Celali rebellions (1519) Expeditions against the Druze (1523?1524) ???? ???? ????? (1526) ???? ?????? ???? (1527)
?????? (1550?1700)	Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion (1564?65) ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? 1585 (1565) Greek revolt (1566?1572) Expeditions against the Druze (1574?1576) Expedition against the Druze (1585) ????? ?????? (1589) Celali rebellions (1590?1610) ??????? ????? (1594) Himara Revolt (1596) Serb Uprising (1596?97) First Tarnovo Uprising (1598) Thessaly Rebellion (1600) Epirus revolt (1611) ???? (1623) Abaza rebellions (1624, 1627) ???? ?????? (1642) Atmeydanı Incident (1648) Cınar Incident (1656) ???? ????? ??? (1658?1659) ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? (1658?1667) Second Tarnovo Uprising (1686) Chiprovtsi uprising (1688) Karposh's rebellion (1689)
?????? ??????????? (1700?1789)	Edirne event (1703) Naousa uprising (1705) ?????? ????????? (1711) Uprising in Vu?itrn (1717) Patrona Halil Rebellion (1730) Serb Uprising (1737?39) ???? ?????? (1770) ???? ???? ???? (1788) ????? ??????? ?????????? (1793?1795)
?????? (1789?1908)	Dahije in Belgrade (1801?04) ????????? ??????? ?????? (1804?13) Kabakcı Mustafa rebellion (1807) ???? ?????? (1809) Had?i-Prodan's Rebellion (1814) Second Serbian Uprising (1815-17) ??????? ???????? (1821) Ni? Rebellion (1821) ??? ????????? ????????? (1821?29) Atcalı Kel Mehmet revolt (1830) Bosnian uprising (1831?33) Bilmez Rebellion (1832?33) Laz rebellion (1832?34) Shkoder Rebellion (1833) Priest Jovica's Rebellion (1834) Second Ma?i?i Rebellion (1834) ???? ???????? ?????? 1834-35 Posavina Rebellion (1836) Livno Rebellion (1836) Pirot Rebellion (1836) Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836) Belogradchik Rebellion (1836) Vlora Rebellion (1836) ???? ?????? (1838) Diber Rebellion (1838?39) Cretan Revolt (1841) Ni? Rebellion (1841) Uprising of Dervish Cara (1843?44) Albanian Revolt (1845) Albanian Revolt (1847) Herzegovina Uprising (1852?62) Epirus Revolt (1854) ???? ??????? ????????? (1854) Doljani Revolt (1858) ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (1860) ???? ???? (1866?69) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867 (1866?67) ??????? ?????? (1875?77) ??????? ????? ????????? (1876) Razlovtsi insurrection (1876) Kumanovo Uprising (1878) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1878 (1878) Cretan Revolt (1878) Kresna?Razlog Uprising (1878?79) Epirus Revolt (1878) ???? ?????? (1878) ????? ??????? (1878) Brsjak Revolt (1880?81) Cretan Revolt (1896?97) 1896?1897 Greek Macedonian rebellion (1896?97) ??????? ???????????????????? (1903) ?????? ?????? (1905) ???? ????? (1905) ??????? ???? ???????? (1906) Bitlis uprising (1907)
?????? (1908?1922)	Hamawand rebellion (1908?10) ????? 31 ???? (1909) ???? ???? ????? (1909) Zaraniq rebellion (1910) ???? ????? (1910) ?????? ????????? (1910) ?????? ????????? (1911) ?????? ????????? (1912) ?????? ???????? (1912) ?????? ??? ????? ?????? (1913) Euphrates rebellion (1913) Bitlis uprising (1914) Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914?18) Uprising in Karbala (1915) ?????? ??????? (1916?18) Uprising in Hilla (1916) ???? ??????? (1921)