?????? ????

???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ( ??????? ?????? ) ??????? ?? ??? 1215 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???? ?????????? ??????? -??? ????- ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? (?? ???? ?????????? ???????) ????????? ????????? ??????? .

????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? 1,000 ????? ?????? ????. ^[4]^[5] ??? ???? 750 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ^[5]

???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1231 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ^[6] ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1150 ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 1066. ^[7] ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 2014. ^[8]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? 13 ????? ?? ??? ???81 ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?? ??? ????? 33 ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? 20 ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? 15 ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???. ^[9] ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? (???? ?????????) ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[10]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1224. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1290. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? (????? ?? ??? 1349 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1379) ?????? ???? (????? ?? ??? 1354 ??? ??? ??????? ???????) ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? (????? ?? ??? 1364 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? (????? ?? ??? 1365 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? (????? ?? ??? 1432 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1437) ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ?? ??? 1446 ??? ??? ??????? ???????) ?????? ??????? (????? ?? ??? 1450 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?? ??? 1452 ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1459) ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???) ?????? ????? (????? ?? ??? 1483 ??? ??? ??????? ???????) ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ^[11]

????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ^[12]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1317 ?? ??? 1318? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1413 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1451 ????? ????? ?? ?????? (???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???) ?? ??? 1494. ^[13]

???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1582 ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? (????? ???????) ?? ??? 1593. ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ^[14]

???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ≪?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????≫ ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ≪???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????≫. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? (???? ??? ??? ???????). ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ^[15]

??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ≪??????? ????≫ ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ≪??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????≫. ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.

?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1828 ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1829. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Charter . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . ?. 1. 1845. ?. 331?332. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-01. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |???= ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "Magna Carta 1215" . ??????? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .
^ Peter Crooks (????? 2015). "Exporting Magna Carta: exclusionary liberties in Ireland and the world" . History Ireland . ?. 23 ?. 4. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-01.
^ "Chartered bodies" . Privy Council. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .
^ ^? ^? "Guidance: Applications for Protected Royal Titles" (PDF) . royal.uk . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2023-01-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .
^ "Guide to the Worshipful Company of Weavers Charter 1707" . ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-30 .
^ "History and Heritage" . Visit Tain . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-30 .
^ "CIEHF Documents" . The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .
^ British Borough Charters . Cambridge University Press. 1923. ?. 25 ?26. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.
^ "Royal grants in letters patent and charters from 1199" . ??????? ?????? ????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-07-14 .
^ BBC Trust | Charter and Agreement ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2022 ?? Wayback Machine .
^ Jos. M. M. Hermans? Marc Nelissen? ???????? (2005). Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group . Leuven University Press. ?. 109?111. ISBN : 9789058674746 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01.
^ Winifred Bryan Horne (1993). Nineteenth-century Scottish Rhetoric: The American Connection . Southern Illinois University Press . ?. 19. ISBN : 9780809314706 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01.
^ James Heywood (1840). Papal Bull to the University of Cambridge . William Clowes and Sins. ?. 45 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |???= ?????? ( ?????? )
^ "Charter of Queen Elizabeth I" (PDF) . Trinity College Dublin. ????? ?? ????? (English; translated from Latin) ?? 2023-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-10 .

[1] Charter . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . ?. 1. 1845. ?. 331?332. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-01. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |???= ?????? ( ?????? )

[2] "Magna Carta 1215" . ??????? ?????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-10-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .

[3] Peter Crooks (????? 2015). "Exporting Magna Carta: exclusionary liberties in Ireland and the world" . History Ireland . ?. 23 ?. 4. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-01.

[PC-4] "Chartered bodies" . Privy Council. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .

[مولد_تلقائيا1-5] ? ^? "Guidance: Applications for Protected Royal Titles" (PDF) . royal.uk . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2023-01-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .

[6] "Guide to the Worshipful Company of Weavers Charter 1707" . ????? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-30 .

[7] "History and Heritage" . Visit Tain . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-30 .

[8] "CIEHF Documents" . The Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-03 .

[9] British Borough Charters . Cambridge University Press. 1923. ?. 25 ?26. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-08.

[10] "Royal grants in letters patent and charters from 1199" . ??????? ?????? ????????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-07-14 .

[11] BBC Trust | Charter and Agreement ???? ?????? 19 ???? 2022 ?? Wayback Machine .

[12] Jos. M. M. Hermans? Marc Nelissen? ???????? (2005). Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group . Leuven University Press. ?. 109?111. ISBN : 9789058674746 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01.

[13] Winifred Bryan Horne (1993). Nineteenth-century Scottish Rhetoric: The American Connection . Southern Illinois University Press . ?. 19. ISBN : 9780809314706 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-02-01.

[14] James Heywood (1840). Papal Bull to the University of Cambridge . William Clowes and Sins. ?. 45 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: |???= ?????? ( ?????? )

[15] "Charter of Queen Elizabeth I" (PDF) . Trinity College Dublin. ????? ?? ????? (English; translated from Latin) ?? 2023-03-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-02-10 .

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