한국   대만   중국   일본 
????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

????????? ?? ???? ??? ????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????????? ?? ???? ??? ????

????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? . ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. [1] ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? .

????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. [2]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? (?? ???? ?????) ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 200 ??? ???????. ?????? ??? ≪?????????≫? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? . ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? . [3] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ≪?????? ?????≫ (????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????). ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? 425 ?? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. [4] ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????. [5]

??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. [6]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????. [7] [8]

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. [9]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? .

?? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? (?????????) ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????.

??? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????.

???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1977 ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? 1980. ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? 1999? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? 100 ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. [10] ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 2007 ???? 10 ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????. [11]

??? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ≪??? ?????????≫ (?????????) ????? ???? ??? ????.

??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? (??? ??????) ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? 160 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????. [12] ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (???????????)? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1450 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? 1521? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????.

??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? 0.1% ?? ????? ????????. [13]

????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ???????? ??????)? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? 15 ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???. [14] ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? 22 ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Guy, John (2014). Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia, Metropolitan museum, New York: exhibition catalogues . Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN : 9781588395245 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-15.
  2. ^ "The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-16. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? ??? ??????? |??????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
  3. ^ History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh ???? ?????? 2020-04-15 ?? Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Coedes? George (1968). Walter F. Vella (??????). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . trans.Susan Brown Cowing. Uny of Hawaii Press. ISBN : 978-0-8248-0368-1 .
  5. ^ Kulke? Hermann (2004). A history of India . Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933- (?. 4th). New York: Routledge. ISBN : 0203391268 . OCLC : 57054139 .
  6. ^ Aklujkar? Ashok? Kalyanaraman? A. (1971). "Aryatarangini: The Saga of the Indo-Aryans" . Pacific Affairs . ?. 44 ?. 3: 451. DOI : 10.2307/2755739 . ISSN : 0030-851X . JSTOR : 2755739 .
  7. ^ Promsak Jermsawatdi (1979). Thai art with Indian influences . Abhinav Publications. OCLC : 6237916 .
  8. ^ Bowman? John (31 ????? 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. DOI : 10.7312/bowm11004 . ISBN : 9780231500043 .
  9. ^ Elst? Koenraad (1999). Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate . Aditya Prakashan. ISBN : 81-86471-77-4 . ; Sergent, Bernard: Genese de l'Inde, 1997.
  10. ^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 20 ????? 2004 . ???? ???? ?????? 24 ????? 2004 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
  11. ^ United States Department of State ???? ?????? 2019-07-30 ?? Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Adam Bray (18 ????? 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines, The ancestors of Vietnam's Cham people built one of the great empires of Southeast Asia" . National Geographic . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-04.
  13. ^ "Religions in Philippines / PEW-GRF" en . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-09-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-15 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? ??? ???? |script-title= : ????? ?????? ( ?????? )
  14. ^ In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the ISKCON temple was right beside the Hindu Temple.