한국   대만   중국   일본 
?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????
??????
??????? ????
????????
GSM (???????????) عدل القيمة على Wikidata
??? ?????
1990 [1] ? 1992 [1] عدل القيمة على Wikidata
??????

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? [2] ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ( ??????????? : Global System for Mobile Communications )? ???????? GSM ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1982 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1991 [3] ???? ????? ???? ??? 900 MHz ????? ?????? ??????.???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? 2014 ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? - ?? ???? ?? 90 ? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? 193 ???? ??????-. [4]

?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (2G) ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? (1G)? ???? ????? GSM ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? (GPRS) ??????? ???????? ??????? (EDGE) ????? ?? GSM? ?? EGPRS). ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (3GPP) ?????? (?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (UMTS) ?? ????? ?????? (3G)? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (LTE)???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ETSI? GSM.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??:

  • ??????? ??????
  • ?????? ??????
  • ?????? ??????? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ??????
  • ????????? ????????? ???????
  • ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ? ? ? (1991)

?? ??? 1983, ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1987, ???? ????? ????? ??? 15 ?????? ? 13 ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. [5]

?? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. [6] [7] [8] [9] 

?? ??????? ??? 1987 ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 38 ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????: ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????.????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? 38 ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (????? ???????) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????: ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. [10] ??? ??? 1989, ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [7] [8] [8] [9] ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1984 ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? 1986. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? 900 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? 1 ????? ??? 1991, ????? ???? ?????? ????? (???? ????? ???????) ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. [11] ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (???? ??????? ???????) ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

??? ??? 1991 ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? 1800 ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? 1800 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 1993, ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. 

?? ??? 1995 ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? 1900 ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? 10 ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1996, ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? 100 ????? ?? ??? 1998.
[8]

?? ??? 2000 ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? 2001, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 500 ????? ?????. ??? ???2002, ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????800 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? 1 ????? ?? ??? 2004. [8]

????? ??? 2005, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 75% ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 1.5 ????? ?????.?? ??? 2005, ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2007. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 3 ??????? ?? ??? 2008. [8] ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? 2001 ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? 80% ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 5 ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 212 ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???????. [12]

??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [13]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???. [14]

?? 1 ?????????? 2016 ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. [15] ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? 1 ???????? 2017 ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [16] ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 1 ????? 2017. [17] ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2017. [18]

?????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??:

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????:

  • ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? - ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  • ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? - ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ≪?????? ????????≫ (?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????)
  • ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? (GPRS Core Network)
  • ???? ??? ???????? (OSS) - ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

GSM ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? GSM - ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. Picocells ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. Femtocells ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? GSM ?? ????????? ?????? ?? 35 ????????? (22 ???). ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? [19] ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????.

??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (GSM) ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????.

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? GSM ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ?? ?????? ???? GSM ??????? ???? 2G ?UMTS ????? ?????? 3G)? ?? ???? ????? GSM 2G ??????? ?? ?????? MHz 900 ?? 1800 MHz. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? MHz 850 ?MHz 1900 (????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????). ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? 400 ?MHz 450 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.

????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 2100 ?????????. ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? GSM ???????? ???? ?????? ???? GSM.

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? (?? ????? ???????) ?? ???? TDMA. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? kbit / s 270,833? ???? ?????? ?? 4.615 ???? ?????.

????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? 2 ??? ?? GSM 850/900 ?1 ??? ?? GSM 1800/1900.

????? ????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? kHz 3.1 ??? 7 ?kbit / s 13. ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? (kbit / s 6.5) ????? ???? (13 ?????? / ?????). ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? (LPC). ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ????? ???? GSM ?? ??? 1997. [20] ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (EFR)? ??? ????? 12.2 ?????? / ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??????? ?? ????? ???? UMTS? ?? ????? ????? EFR ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? AMR-Narrowband? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? (SIM) [ ??? ]

????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? GSM ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? SIM. ????? SIM ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? SIM. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? SIM ????? ???? ?? ????? SIM ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? SIM.

??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ≪?????≫ ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

?? ??? ??????? (???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????) ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. [21]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. [22]

??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? (?????? ??? ????), ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?5/1, ?5/2 ??5/3 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.????? ?? ????? ?5/1 ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????; ??? ???????? ?5/2 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????????: ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?5/2 ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? 2007 ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?5/1 

?? ??? ???????? ≪?????? ????? ????? ???????≫ ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? (rainbow table attack)-??? ??? ??????-.
[23]
 ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????.

??? ??? 2000 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?5, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ?5/1 ??5/2 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? (??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? (plaintext attack). [24] ???? ???≪?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????≫ ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. [25] ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? 7 ?????- ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. [26] ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????- ??????? (?????? ????????? ?????? ?????) ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????.??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 2011. [27] ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?/1 ??? ?? ?/2 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? (?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????), ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? (??? ??????? ?? ?? ? /0) ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????) ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? . ???? ?? ?? ?? ?/3 ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?/4 ?? 128 ?? ?? ???? ???? ??.

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? (???? ?????????? ?????????) ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????.

??????? ?? GSM [ ??? ]

  1. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ???????): 935 MHz - 960 MHz
  2. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (?????????): 890 MHz - 915 MHz
  3. ???? ???? ?????: 3-20 ???
  4. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (125 ????)
  5. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????: 200 kHz
  6. ????? ?????: ???? ?????? ???????? ?????
  7. ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????: ?????? ??? ???? 8/frame
  8. ??? ????? ?????: ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????

?????? ?? GSM [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????:

  1. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? "BSS"
  2. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? "NSS"
  3. ???? ??? ???????? "OSS"

????? ????? ???? ?? GSM [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? TDMA.

??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? GSM ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? GSM. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? FDMA ???????? ?????? TDMA ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 25 MHz ??? 124 ?????? (carrier) ???? ?? ????? ?????? 200 kHz. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? TDMA ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? 15/26 ms ?? ????? 577 μs ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? burst.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 120/26 ms ?? ?? ????? 4.615ms. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???.

????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????:

  1. ????? ????? : ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????
  2. ????? ?????? : ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????

* ?????? ???????? MS Mobile station

*?????? ??????? BSS base station subsystem

*???? ??????? OSS operating support system

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? GSM ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 20ms ??? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? 182bits ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 78bits. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 4bits ???? ?3 bit ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? 189bits ?????? ?? encoding ????? 1/2 ????? ?????? 387bits ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? 78bits ???? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? 456bits ???? ???? ???? ????? 20ms.

???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? GSM [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?????????
P-GSM 900 uplink: 890-915 MHz

downlink: 935-960 MHz

??? ??????: λ = 33 ??

??? ?????? ??????? = 2x25MHz

??????? ???????? = 45 MHz

??????? ??????? = 200 kHz

???? ??????? = 270.8kbps

??? ??????? =125

E-GSM 900 uplink: 880-915 MHz

downlink: 925-960 MHz

??? ??????: λ = 33 ??

??? ?????? ??????? = 2x35MHz

??????? ???????? = 45 MHz

??????? ??????? = 200 kHz

???? ??????? = 270kbps

??? ??????? =175

GSM 1800 uplink: 1710-1785 MHz

downlink: 1805-1880 MHz

??? ??????: λ = 17 ??

??? ?????? ??????? = 75 MHz

??????? ???????? = 95 MHz

??????? ??????? = 200 kHz

???? ??????? = 270kbps

??? ??????? =373

GSM 1900 uplink: 1850-1910 MHz

downlink: 1930-1990 MHz

??? ??????: λ = 16 ??

??? ?????? ??????? = 60 MHz

??????? ???????? = 80 MHz

??????? ??????? = 200 kHz

???? ??????? = 270 kbps

??? ??????? =300

GSM 2100 ??? 3G

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ? ? ???? ????: https://books.google.de/books?id=ffVHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 .
  2. ^ ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? (2017)? ????? ??????? ??????????? (???????? ???????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?. 140? QID : Q112244705
  3. ^ Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications , John Wiley & Sons, 31 juli 2003, page 529 ???? ?????? 2015-09-06 ?? Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "GSM Global system for Mobile Communications" . 4G Americas. ????? ?? ????? ?? 8 February 2014 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-22 .
  5. ^ EU Seeks To End Mandatory GSM for 900Mhz - Source ???? ?????? 2018-07-17 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Leader (7 ?????? 2007). "Happy 20th Birthday, GSM" . zdnet.co.uk . CBS Interactive. ????? ?? ????? ?? 5 May 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 May 2011 . Before GSM, Europe had a disastrous mishmash of national analogue standards in phones and TV, designed to protect national industries but instead creating fragmented markets vulnerable to big guns from abroad.
  7. ^ ? ? "GSM" . etsi.org . European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 5 May 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 May 2011 . GSM was designed principally for voice telephony, but a range of bearer services was defined...allowing circuit-switched data connections at up to 9600 bits/s.
  8. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? "History" . gsmworld.com . GSM Association. 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 5 May 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 May 2011 . 1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) is formed by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) to design a pan-European mobile technology.
  9. ^ ? ? "Cellular History" . etsi.org . European Telecommunications Standards Institute. 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 5 May 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 May 2011 . The task was entrusted to a committee known as Groupe Special Mobile (GSMTM), aided by a "permanent nucleus" of technical support personnel, based in Paris.
  10. ^ "Who created GSM?" . Stephen Temple. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-05-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-04-07 . Before GSM, Europe had a disastrous mishmash of national analogue standards in phones and TV, designed to protect national industries but instead creating fragmented markets vulnerable to big guns from abroad.
  11. ^ "Maailman ensimmainen GSM-puhelu" [World's first GSM call]. yle.fi . Yelisradio OY. 22 ?????? 2008. ????? ?? ????? ?? 5 ???? 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 5 ???? 2011 . Harri Holkeri made the first call on the Radiolinja (Elisa's subsidiary) network, at the opening ceremony in Helsinki on 07.01.1991.
  12. ^ "GSM World statistics" . gsmworld.com . GSM Association. 2010. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-05-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-06-08 .
  13. ^ "Mobile technologies GSM" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-11-07 .
  14. ^ Martin Sauter (23 ????? 2014). From GSM to LTE-Advanced : An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband (?. Second). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. ISBN : 9781118861929 .
  15. ^ "Telstra switches off GSM network" . TeleGeography. 2 ?????? 2016. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-12-02 .
  16. ^ bmobile in ???????? ??????? shut down it's 2G GSM network in December 2017. "2G Sunset" (PDF) . ATT Mobility . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-12-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-08-10 .
  17. ^ "Optus to complete 2G network turn off" . Optus. 1 ????? 2017 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-08-01 . [ ???? ?????? ]
  18. ^ services to cease on 1 April 2017.aspx "Joint Media Release by IMDA, M1, Singtel & StarHub: 2G services to cease on 1 April 2017" . M1. 27 ???? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-10-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ???? ?? ???? |???? ?????= ( ?????? )
  19. ^ Motorola Demonstrates Long Range GSM Capability ? 300% More Coverage With New Extended Cell . ???? ?????? 19 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "GSM 06.51 version 4.0.1" . ETSI. ?????? 1997. ????? ?? ????? (ZIP) ?? 2018-11-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-09-05 .
  21. ^ Victoria Shannon (2007). "iPhone Must Be Offered Without Contract Restrictions, German Court Rules" . The New York Times. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-02-02 .
  22. ^ Solutions to the GSM Security Weaknesses , Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services, and Technologies (NGMAST2008), pp.576?581, Cardiff, UK, September 2008, ????? ?? : 1002.3175 "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-08-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-12-22 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  23. ^ Steve. "The A5/1 Cracking Project" . scribd.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-03 .
  24. ^ Kevin J. O'Brien (28 ?????? 2009). "Cellphone Encryption Code Is Divulged" . New York Times . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-26.
  25. ^ "A5/1 Cracking Project" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-12-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-12-30 .
  26. ^ Owano, Nancy (27 ?????? 2011). "GSM phones -- call them unsafe, says security expert" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 28 December 2011 . ???? ???? ?????? 27 Dec 2011 . Nohl said that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to their voice mails or make calls or send text messages. Even more troubling was that he was able to pull this off using a seven-year-old Motorola cellphone and decryption software available free off the Internet.
  27. ^ "Codebreaker Karsten Nohl: Why Your Phone Is Insecure By Design" . ????? (????) . 12 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-13 .
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_???????_????????_???????_????????&oldid=65985030 ≫