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???????? : 52°30′50″N 13°22′44″E  /  52.51389°N 13.37889°E  / 52.51389; 13.37889
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خريطة
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10 ???? 2005 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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Denkmal fur die ermordeten Juden Europas (??????????) عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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52°30′50″N 13°22′44″E  /  52.513888888889°N 13.378888888889°E  / 52.513888888889; 13.378888888889 عدل القيمة على Wikidata
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stiftung-denkmal.de (?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????) عدل القيمة على Wikidata

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

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????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? [3] ( ?????????? : Denkmal fur die ermordeten Juden Europas )?? ??  ????? ???????? ?????? ???????  (??????????: Holocaust-Mahnmal )? ?? ???? ?? ?????  ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????  ?????? ??  ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? 19000 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? 2,711 ???  ??????  ?? " ????? "? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? 2.38? ?????? 95?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? 20?? ?4.7? [4] ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 54 ?????? ??????-?????? ?87 ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????. [5] [6]  ???? ?? ?????? ≪???? ?????????≫ ( ?????????? : Ort der Information )? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 3 ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? . [4] [7]

????? ?????? ?? 1 ????? 2003 ?????? ?? 15 ?????? 2004. ?? ??????? ?? 10 ???? 2005? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????  ?? ?? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? 25 ????? ???? . [8]

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. [9]  ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????  [4] ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. [10] [11] ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????. [12] [13] [8]

???? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1933 ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1941. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. [14]   ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? 15 ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????  ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???. [15]  ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????. [5]

???? ??? [ ??? ]

  • النصب في ربيع 2004.
    ????? ?? ???? 2004.
  • درب بين صفوف الشواهد.
    ??? ??? ???? ???????.
  • منظر من بين الشواهد.
    ???? ?? ??? ???????.
  • وقت الغسق.
    ??? ?????.
  • النصب في الليل.
    ????? ?? ?????.
  • صيف 2013.
    ??? 2013.
  • مركز المعلومات تحت الأرض.
    ???? ????????? ??? ?????.
  • منظر من الجو.
    ???? ?? ????.
  • منظر للدرب بين صفوف الشواهد يظهر الأرض غير المستوية.
    ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????.
  • منظر للشواهد من تقاطع بيرنشتراسه وإيبرشتراسه يوليو 2014
    ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? 2014

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ??????? ????? ?? ???? "??? ??????" (archINFORM): 12057 . ??????: 30 ????? 2018.
  2. ^ ??????? ????? ?? ???? "??? ??????" (archINFORM): 12057 . ????? ??: ??? ?????? . ??????: 31 ????? 2018. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ?????????.
  3. ^ Title as given in the official website: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and Information Centre http://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/startseite.html ???? ?????? 2021-02-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  4. ^ ? ? ? "The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe - Field of Stelae" . Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  5. ^ ? ? Willard Spiegelman (July 16, 2011), The Facelessness of Mass Destruction Wall Street Journal . ???? ?????? 2020-04-14 ?? Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Tom L. Freudenheim (June 15, 2005), Monument to Ambiguity Wall Street Journal . ???? ?????? 2020-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Information Centre ·Yad Vashem Portal" . Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  8. ^ ? ? "The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe -History" . Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  9. ^ "Peter Eisenman ? Architect of the Field of Stelae" . Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  10. ^ Chin? Sharon? Franke? Fabian? Halpern? Sheri. "A Self-Serving Admission of Guilt: An Examination of the Intentions and Effects of Germany's Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe" . Humanity In Action . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  11. ^ "Editorial - A Holocaust memorial" . Japan Times. 14 ???? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-04-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-02-04 .
  12. ^ "Germany's Memorial - Germany's National Memorial To The Murdered Jews Of Europe | A Jew Among The Germans | Frontline" . PBS. 12 ????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-27 . The plan also gives the impression of a massive cemetery.
  13. ^ Brody? Richard. "The Inadequacy of Berlin's "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe" " . The New Yorker. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-07-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-27 . The memorial also evokes a graveyard for those who were unburied or thrown into unmarked pits, and several uneasily tilting stelae suggest an old, untended, or even desecrated cemetery.
  14. ^ Nicolai Ouroussoff (May 9, 2005), "A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable" New York Times . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-03-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-08-08 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
  15. ^ Karen Leland (March 13, 2011), Amid bustling Berlin, stillness in the Holocaust Memorial Los Angeles Times . "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-10-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-08-08 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???????? : 52°30'50"N 13°22'44"E / 52.51389°N 13.37889°E / 52.51389; 13.37889 52°30′50″N 13°22′44″E  /  52.51389°N 13.37889°E  / 52.51389; 13.37889

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