?????? ?? ???????

?????? ????? - ????? ??????
?????? ?????? - ?????? ??????

???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ( ??????? )? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[1]^[2] ?????? ????? ≪????? ?????????≫ ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[3]^[4] ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Kim Willsher (20 April 2014). " Women bridge gender gap as French film embraces a new nouvelle vague ". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2018. ???? ?????? 2 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ New German film industry group calls for gender parity ". Deutsche Welle. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018. ???? ?????? 2 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Betsy Woodruff (23 February 2015). " Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide ". Slate Magazine. ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Maane Khatchatourian. " Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 - Variety ". Variety. ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Lauzen, Martha. " The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 012 " (PDF). The Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film. San Diego State University. Retrieved 2013-05-20. ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

????? ????? [ ??? ]

Anderson, Lisa M. Mammies no more: the changing image of Black women on stage and screen . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.
Benshoff, Harry M. America on film: representing race, class, gender, and sexuality at the movies . Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004.
Brunsdon, Charlotte (Ed). Films for women . London: British Film Institute, 1986.
Butler, Alison. Women's cinema: the contested screen . London: Wallflower, 2002.
Davies, Jude. Gender, ethnicity and sexuality in contemporary American film . Chicago, Il: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000.
Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey. Women filmmakers of the African and Asian diaspora: decolonizing the gaze, locating subjectivity . Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997.
???? ?????? . From reverence to rape: the treatment of women in the movies . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Thornham, Sue (Ed). Feminist film theory: a reader . New York: New York University Press, 1999.

??????? [ ??? ]

[1] Kim Willsher (20 April 2014). " Women bridge gender gap as French film embraces a new nouvelle vague ". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2018. ???? ?????? 2 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] New German film industry group calls for gender parity ". Deutsche Welle. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018. ???? ?????? 2 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] Betsy Woodruff (23 February 2015). " Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide ". Slate Magazine. ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] Maane Khatchatourian. " Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 - Variety ". Variety. ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] Lauzen, Martha. " The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 250 Films of 012 " (PDF). The Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film. San Diego State University. Retrieved 2013-05-20. ???? ?????? 12 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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